蒙德里安
紐約(New York)
美國東部一州。面積約為128,402平方公里。首府為奧爾班尼。哈得遜河、聖勞倫斯河、德拉瓦河、尼加拉河構成了該州的部分邊界。其東北有阿第倫達克山脈，東部有卡茲奇山脈。在歐洲人到來之前，阿爾岡昆人（參閱Algonquian languages）和易洛魁人已經居住於此。1524年韋拉札諾造訪了紐約灣。1609年哈得遜和山普倫的探險則最終導致了歐洲人的定居。1664年，當時以斯特伊弗桑特為首的荷蘭殖民地新尼德蘭向英國投誠，此地即重從新定名為紐約。以後法國印第安人戰爭在紐約州的北部和中部造成了一些麻煩，但戰爭結束後英國確立了在此的統治地位。在美國革命期間，這裡也發生了大大小小的戰鬥，諸如泰孔德羅加和薩拉託加戰役，以及在西點附近發生的阿諾德的叛亂。1777年紐約州通過了第一部州憲法。1797年州首府由紐約市遷往奧爾班尼。1825年伊利運河的開挖刺激了該州西部的發展。19世紀坦曼尼協會在紐約市的影響與日俱增，曾使紐約市與紐約州的關係緊張。該州經濟一度主要依靠水牛城、羅契斯特和雪城等城市的製造業，現在以紐約市為中心的服務業已經取得了支配地位。人口約18,137,000（1997）。
English version：
New York
State (pop.,1997 est.: 18,000),eastern U.S. It covers 49,576 sq mi (128,402 sq km); its capital is Albany. The Hudson,St. Lawrence,Delaware,and Niagara rivers all form parts of its boundaries. The Adirondack Mtns. are in the northeast; the Catskills are in the east. Before European colonization,Algonquians (see Algonquian languages) and Iroquois inhabited the area. In 1524 Giovanni Verrazzano visited New York Bay. The 1609 explorations of Henry Hudson and Samuel de Champlain led to settlement. In 1664 the Dutch colony,New Netherland,led by Peter Stuyvesant,surrendered to the British and was renamed New York. The French and Indian War resulted in skirmishes in northern and central New York; its conclusion confirmed English dominance in the region. In the American Revolution,it was the scene of many battles,including those of Ticonderoga and Saratoga,and of Benedict Arnold's treason at West Point. New York adopted the first state constitution (1777). The capital moved from New York City to Albany in 1797. The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 spurred development of the western part of the state. In the 19th century the growing influence in New York City of Tammany Hall caused tension between the city and the state. The economy was once based largely on manufacturing in cities,including Buffalo,Rochester,and Syracuse. It is now dominated by service industries,concentrated in New York City.