埃及語

聖馬丁(1778～1850年)

San Martín,José de

阿根廷民族英雄，領導了阿根廷人民反對西班牙（1812）、智利（1818）和祕魯（1821）的外來統治的鬥爭。其父為職業軍人、殖民地管轄者。他在西班牙接受教育，起先為西班牙國王效力，曾與摩爾人（1791）、英國人（1798）、葡萄牙人（1801）作戰。但1812年他回到南美後，開始投身那裡的革命運動。解放利馬的戰役是他領導的最重要的戰役，利馬的解放使阿根廷的獨立得到保證。這次戰役中，他大膽地採用跨過安地斯山脈的戰略計畫，率領軍隊完成了艱難的跋涉，取得了戰爭的勝利。1817年他解放了智利並將其移交給沃伊金斯，其後他率領艦隊駛向祕魯，封鎖那裡的主要港口，使保皇軍被迫撤退。隨後他率領軍隊進入利馬並宣告祕魯獨立，但他並沒有足夠強大的軍隊擊垮其內部的保皇黨人。1818年他與玻利瓦爾會面，他們之間發生的事情不為世人所知，其後不久聖馬丁便流亡法國，由波利瓦爾完成解放祕魯的事業。

English version：

1778～1850年

San Martín,José de

National hero of Argentina who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812),Chile (1818),and Peru (1821). Son of a professional soldier and colonial administrator,he was educated in Spain. Initially he fought loyally for Spain against the Moors (1791),the British (1798),and the Portuguese (1801),but in 1812 he returned to the New World to help the revolutionaries. His greatest campaign was the liberation of Lima,without which the independence of the Argentine provinces could not have been secured. His bold strategy was to lead an army over the Andes,a daunting undertaking. In 1817 he liberated Chile,which he turned over to Bernardo O'Higgins,and proceeded to Peru by ship,where he blockaded the chief port until the royalists withdrew. He then entered Lima and declared the independence of Peru,though he lacked adequate forces to subdue the royalists in the interior. The following year he met with Simon Bolivar; what passed between them is unknown,but San Martín soon afterward went into exile in France,leaving Bolívar to complete the liberation of Peru.