初中英語五種語法知識點總結
初中英語有許多的語法,掌握了對寫作閱讀有大幫助小編在這裡整理了五種供大家閱讀,快來學習學習吧!
一.名詞
I.名詞的種類:
專有名詞 |
普通名詞 |
|||
國名.地名.人名, 團體.機構名稱 |
可數名詞 |
不可數名詞 |
||
個體名詞 |
集體名詞 |
抽象名詞 |
物質名詞 |
|
II. 名詞的數:
1. 規則名詞的複數形式:
名詞的複數形式,一般在單數形式後面加-s或-es。現將構成方法與讀音規則列表如下:
規則 |
例詞 |
||
1 |
一般情況在詞尾加-s |
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days |
|
2 |
以s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞後加-es |
class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes |
|
3 |
以-f或-fe結尾的詞 |
變-f和-fe為v再加-es |
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives |
加 |
belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs |
||
4 |
以子音字母加y結尾的名詞,變y為i加-es |
party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities |
|
5 |
以母音字母加y結尾的名詞,或專有名詞以y結尾的,加-s |
toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys |
|
6 |
以子音字母加-o結尾的名詞 |
一般加-es |
hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes |
不少外來詞加-s |
piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos |
||
兩者皆可 |
zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos |
||
7 |
以母音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-s |
radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos |
|
8 |
以-th結尾的名詞加-s |
truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, |
2. 不規則名詞複數:
英語裡有些名詞的複數形式是不規則的,現歸納如下:
規則 |
例詞 |
||
1 |
改變名詞中的母音字母或其他形式 |
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice |
|
2 |
單複數相同 |
sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, |
|
3 |
只有複數形式 |
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents |
|
4 |
一些集體名詞總是用作複數 |
people, police, cattle, staff |
|
5 |
部分集體名詞既可以作單數(整體)也可以作複數(成員) |
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party |
|
6 |
複數形式表示特別含義 |
customs***海關***, forces***軍隊***, times***時代***, spirits***情緒***, drinks***飲料***, sands***沙灘***, papers***檔案報紙***, manners***禮貌***, looks***外表***, brains***頭腦智力***, greens***青菜***, ruins***廢墟*** |
|
7 |
表示“某國人” |
加-s |
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans |
單複數同形 |
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese |
||
以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-women |
Englishmen, Frenchwomen |
||
8 |
合成名詞 |
將主體名詞變為複數 |
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends |
無主體名詞時將最後一部分變為複數 |
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches |
||
將兩部分變為複數 |
women singers, men servants |
III. 名詞的所有格:
名詞在句中表示所有關係的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種:一是名詞詞尾加’s構成,二是由介詞of加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西,後者多表示無生命的東西。
1. ’s所有格的構成:
單數名詞在末尾加’s |
the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, |
|
複數名詞 |
一般在末尾加’ |
the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, |
不規則複數名詞後加’s |
the children’s toys, women’s rights, |
|
以s結尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ |
Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house |
|
表示各自的所有關係時,各名詞末尾均須加’s |
Japan’s andAmerica’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes |
|
表示共有的所有關係時在最後一詞末加’s |
Japan andAmerica’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father |
|
表示"某人家""店鋪",所有格後名詞省略 |
the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s |
2. ’s所有格的用法:
1 |
表示時間 |
today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday |
2 |
表示自然現象 |
the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches |
3 |
表示國家城市等地方的名詞 |
the country’s plan, the world’s population,China’s industry |
4 |
表示工作群體 |
the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory |
5 |
表示度量衡及價值 |
a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples |
6 |
與人類活動有特殊關係的名詞 |
the life’s time, the play’s plot |
7 |
某些固定片語 |
a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end***不知所措*** |
3. of所有格的用法:
用於無生命的東西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用於有生命的東西,尤其是有較長定語時:the classrooms of the first-year students
用於名詞化的詞:the struggle of the oppressed
二.冠詞
冠詞分為不定冠詞***a, an***,定冠詞***the***,和零冠詞。
I.不定冠詞的用法:
1 |
指一類人或事,相當於a kind of |
A plane is a machine that can fly. |
2 |
第一次提及某人某物,非特指 |
A boy is waiting for you. |
3 |
表示“每一”相當於every,one |
We study eight hours a day. |
4 |
表示“相同”相當於the same |
We are nearly of an age. |
5 |
用於人名前,表示不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質的人或事 |
A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. |
6 |
用於固定片語中 |
A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time |
7 |
用於quite, rather, many, half, what, such之後 |
This room is rather a big one. |
8 |
用於so***as, too, how***+形容詞之後 |
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. |
II. 定冠詞的用法:
1 |
表示某一類人或物 |
The horse is a useful animal. |
2 |
用於世上獨一無二的事物名詞前 |
the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean |
3 |
表示說話雙方都瞭解的或上文提到過的人或事 |
Would you mind opening the door? |
4 |
用於樂器前面 |
play the violin, play the guitar |
5 |
用於形容詞和分詞前表示一類人 |
the reach, the living, the wounded |
6 |
表示“一家人”或“夫婦” |
the Greens, the Wangs |
7 |
用於序數詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高階前 |
He is the taller of the two children. |
8 |
用於國家黨派等以及江河湖海,山川群島的名詞前 |
theUnited States, the Communist Party ofChina, the French |
9 |
用於表示發明物的單數名詞前 |
The compass was invented inChina. |
10 |
在逢十的複數數詞之前,指世紀的某個年代 |
in the 1990’s |
11 |
用於表示單位的名詞前 |
I hired the car by the hour. |
12 |
用於方位名詞,身體部位名詞,及表示時間的片語前 |
He patted me on the shoulder. |
III. 零冠詞的用法:
1 |
專有名詞,物質名詞,抽象名詞,人名地名等名詞前 |
Beijing University, Jack,China, love, air |
2 |
名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 |
I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? |
3 |
季節,月份,星期,節假日,一日三餐前 |
March, Sunday, National Day, spring |
4 |
表示職位,身份,頭銜的名詞前 |
Lincoln was made President of America. |
5 |
學科,語言,球類,棋類名詞前 |
He likes playing football/chess. |
6 |
與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前 |
by train, by air, by land |
7 |
以and連線的兩個相對的名詞並用時 |
husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night |
8 |
表示泛指的複數名詞前 |
Horses are useful animals. |
三.代詞:
I.代詞可以分為以下七大類:
1 |
人稱代詞 |
主格 |
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they |
賓格 |
me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them |
||
2 |
物主代詞 |
形容詞性 |
my, your, his, her, its, our, their |
名詞性 |
mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs |
||
3 |
反身代詞 |
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves |
|
4 |
指示代詞 |
this, that, these, those, such, some |
|
5 |
疑問代詞 |
who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever |
|
6 |
關係代詞 |
that, which, who, whom, whose, as |
|
7 |
不定代詞 |
one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, |
|
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either |
II. 不定代詞用法注意點:
1. one, some與any:
1*** one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,複數為ones。some多用於肯定句,any多用於疑問句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.
I have some questions to ask.
2*** some可用於疑問句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答覆,或者表示建議,請求等。
Would you like some bananas? Could you give me somemoney?
3*** some 和any修飾可數名詞單數時,some表示某個,any表示任何一個。
I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4*** some和數詞連用表示“大約”,any可與比較級連用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school. Doyou feel any better today?
2. each和every:
each強調個別,代表的數可以是兩個或兩個以上,而every強調整體,所指的數必須是三個或三個以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each ***of us*** has adictionary. / We each have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us hasstrong and weak points.
3. none和no:
no等於not any,作定語。none作主語或賓語,代替不可數名詞,謂語用單數,代替可數名詞,謂語單複數皆可以。
There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are ***is*** afraid of difficulties.
4. other和another:
1*** other泛指“另外的,別的”常與其他詞連用,如:theother day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指兩者中的另外一個,複數為the others。如:
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed theexam.
2*** another指“又一個,另一個”無所指,複數形式是others,泛指“別的人或事”如:
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another ***one***.
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / someothers.
Some like football, while others like basketball.
5. all和both, neither和either
all表示不可數名詞時,其謂語動詞用單數。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none.
All of the books are not written in English. / Not all ofthe books are written in English.
Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers./ Either of us is a teacher.
四.形容詞和副詞
I.形容詞:
1. 形容詞的位置:
1*** 形容詞作定語通常前置,但在下列情況後置:
1 |
修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構成的複合不定代詞時 |
nobody absent, everything possible |
2 |
以-able, -ible結尾的形容詞可置於有最高階或only修飾的名詞之後 |
the best book available, the only solution possible |
3 |
alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以後置 |
the only person awake |
4 |
和空間、時間、單位連用時 |
a bridge 50 meters long |
5 |
成對的形容詞可以後置 |
a huge room simple and beautiful |
6 |
形容詞短語一般後置 |
a man difficult to get on with |
2*** 多個形容詞修飾同一個名詞的順序:
代詞 |
數詞 |
性狀形容詞 |
||||||||
冠詞前的形容詞 |
冠詞 指示代詞 不定代詞 代詞所有格 |
序數詞 |
基數詞 |
性質 狀態 |
大小 長短 形狀 |
新舊 溫度 |
顏色 |
國籍 產地 |
材料 質地 |
名詞 |
all both such |
the a this another your |
second next |
one four |
beautiful good poor |
large short square |
new cool |
black yellow |
Chinese London |
silk stone |
3*** 複合形容詞的構成:
1 |
形容詞+名詞+ed |
kind-hearted |
6 |
名詞+形容詞 |
world-famous |
2 |
形容詞+形容詞 |
dark-blue |
7 |
名詞+現在分詞 |
peace-loving |
3 |
形容詞+現在分詞 |
ordinary-looking |
8 |
名詞+過去分詞 |
snow-covered |
4 |
副詞+現在分詞 |
hard-working |
9 |
數詞+名詞+ed |
three-egged |
5 |
副詞+過去分詞 |
newly-built |
10 |
數詞+名詞 |
twenty-year |
II. 副詞
副詞的分類:
1 |
時間副詞 |
soon, now, early, finally, once, recently |
5 |
頻度副詞 |
always, often, frequently, seldom, never |
2 |
地點副詞 |
here, nearby, outside, upwards, above |
6 |
疑問副詞 |
how, where, when, why |
3 |
方式副詞 |
hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really |
7 |
連線副詞 |
how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile |
4 |
程度副詞 |
almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather |
8 |
關係副詞 |
when, where, why |
III. 形容詞和副詞比較等級:
形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級,比較級和最高階。比較級和最高階的構成一般是在形容詞和副詞後加-er和-est,多音節和一些雙音節詞前加more 和most。
1. 同級比較時常常用 as…as…以及not so***as***…as…如:I amnot so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修飾比較級的詞有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, alittle, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時用“the more…the more…”句型。如:The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比較級來表達最高階的意思。如:I have never spent a moreworrying day.
5. 表示倍數的比較級有如下幾種句型:
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is fourtimes as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高階和比較級。如:favourite,excellent, extreme, perfect。
五.介詞
I.介詞分類:
1 |
簡單介詞 |
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on |
2 |
合成介詞 |
inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without |
3 |
短語介詞 |
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to |
4 |
雙重介詞 |
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between |
5 |
分詞轉化成的介詞 |
considering***就而論***, including |
6 |
形容詞轉化成的介詞 |
like, unlike, near, next, opposite |
II. 常用介詞區別:
1 |
表示時間的in, on, at |
at表示片刻的時間,in表示一段的時間,on總是與日子有關 |
2 |
表示時間的since, from |
since 指從過去到現在的一段時間,和完成時連用,from指從時間的某一點開始 |
3 |
表示時間的in, after |
in指在一段時間之後,after表示某一具體時間點之後或用在過去時的一段時間中 |
4 |
表示地理位置的in, on, to |
in表示在某範圍內,on指與什麼毗鄰,to指在某環境範圍之外 |
5 |
表示“在…上”的on, in |
on只表示在某物的表面上,in表示佔去某物一部分 |
6 |
表示“穿過”的through, across |
through表示從內部通過,與in有關,across表示在表面上通過,與on有關 |
7 |
表示“關於”的about, on |
about指涉及到,on指專門論述 |
8 |
between與among的區別 |
between表示在兩者之間,among用於三者或三者以上的中間 |
9 |
besides與except的區別 |
besides指“除了…還有再加上”,except指“除了,減去什麼”,不放在句首 |
10 |
表示“用”的in, with |
with表示具體的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,單位,語言,聲音 |
11 |
as與like的區別 |
as意為“作為,以…地位或身份”,like為“象…一樣”,指情形相似 |
12 |
in與into區別 |
in通常表示位置(靜態),into表示動向,不表示目的地或位置 |
分類詞彙記憶
疾病與傷痛
accident |
事故,意外的事 |
ache |
疼痛 |
blind |
失明 |
burn |
燒傷火、熱或酸所造成的傷害或傷痕 |
cancer |
癌症 |
cold |
傷風;感冒 |
cough |
咳嗽 |
cut |
剪;切;割 |
disease |
疾病 |
fever |
發燒;發熱 |
flu |
流感 |
headache |
頭痛 |
illness |
疾病;生病;不健康 |
problem |
問題,難題 |
toothache |
牙疼 |
trouble |
問題,疾病;煩惱,麻煩 |
wound |
傷,傷害 |
感覺與情感
ache |
疼痛 |
attention |
注意,關心 |
care |
照料,保護,小心 |
cheer |
歡呼;喝彩 |
cheat |
騙取,哄騙,作弊 |
cry |
喊叫;哭 |
doubt |
懷疑;疑惑 |
emotion |
感情,情感 |
excuse |
原諒;寬恕 |
favorite |
最受喜愛的***東西) |
fear |
恐懼,害怕 |
feeling |
感覺,知覺,觸覺 |
fun |
快樂;有趣的,令人愉快的 |
greeting |
祝賀 |
hate |
恨;討厭 |
hobby |
嗜好,興趣 |
interest |
興趣,愛好 |
joy |
歡樂,高興,樂趣 |
laugh |
笑;大笑;嘲笑 |
love |
愛;熱愛;很喜歡 |
pardon |
原諒,寬恕 |
peace |
和平;安寧;靜寂 |
pity |
憐憫;同情 |
pleasure |
愉快;快樂;高興 |
praise |
讚揚,表揚 |
pride |
自豪,驕傲 |
regard |
關心,注意,致意,問候,尊敬 |
respect |
尊敬,尊重 |
regret |
可惜,遺憾;痛惜;哀悼 |
shame |
羞愧,慚愧 |
silence |
寂靜;沉默 |
sense |
感覺,判斷力 |
smell |
氣味;嗅覺 |
smile |
微笑 |
surprise |
使吃驚;景氣;令人意想不到的事情 |
sweet |
甜蜜 |
taste |
嘗;品嚐;品味 |
thank |
感謝;謝意 |
touch |
碰,觸控 |
wish |
願望;祝願 |
wonder |
驚訝,驚歎;奇蹟 |
worry |
煩惱;擔憂;發怒;困擾 |
victory |
勝利 |