英文文獻綜述的範文

　　下面是小編為大家整理的一些關於“”的資料，供大家參閱。

　　英文文獻綜述範文

　　How to Write a Literature Review ?

　　I. The definition of Literature Review

　　文獻綜述***Literautre Review***是科研論文中重要的文體之一。它以作者對各種文獻資料的整理、歸納、分析和比較為基礎，就某個專題的歷史背景、前人的工作、研究現狀、爭論的焦點及發展前景等方面進行綜合、總結和評論。通過閱讀文獻綜述，科研工作者可花費較少的時間獲得較多的關於某一專題系統而具體的資訊，瞭解其研究現狀、存在的問題和未來的發展方向。

　　II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components

　　A. The Purposes

　　On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.

　　On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused

　　research question.

　　B. Its Components

　　There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.

　　標題與作者***title and author***

　　摘要與關鍵詞***abstract and key words***

　　引言***introduction***

　　述評***review***

　　結論***conclusion***

　　參考文獻***references***

　　III. Classification of Source Materials

　　How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.

　　A: Background sources:

　　Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and

　　encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.

　　B: Primary sources

　　Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,

　　biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

　　many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.

　　C: Secondary sources

　　Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book

　　reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or

　　writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing

　　in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,

　　but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and

　　will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you

　　need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to

　　analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.

　　D: Web sources

　　The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent

　　resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web

　　sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You

　　may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a

　　good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its

　　own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the

　　authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use

　　information. The currency of website information should also be taken into

　　account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.

　　IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

　　A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

　　If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and

　　the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper

　　on a topic without reading the original source.

　　B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

　　Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.

　　Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.

　　C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

　　Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William

　　Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic

　　in depth. Choose those.

　　D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

　　If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on

　　Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,

　　Choose the article by the expert.

　　E. Choosing the most current sources

　　If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a

　　scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the

　　books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in

　　periodicals.

　　V. Writing a literature Review

　　A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

　　1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.

　　2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.

　　3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.

　　4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.

　　5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.

　　6. Criticism of the work in the area.

　　B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

　　1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.

　　2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.

　　C. Some tips for writing the review:

　　1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.

　　2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most

　　related references last.

　　3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.

　　4. Start writing your review early.

　　VI. 文獻綜述主要部分的細節性提示和注意事項

　　英文文獻主要部分細節提示：

　　引言***Introduction***

　　引言是文獻綜述正文的開始部分，主要包括兩個內容：一是提出問題;二是介紹綜述的範圍

　　和內容。提出問題時，作者要給出定義性解釋、交代研究背景、簡單介紹不同文獻的看法和

　　分歧所在並介紹該文獻的寫作目的;介紹該綜述的範圍和主要內容時，作者應使用簡明扼要

　　的語句加以概括。

　　引言的內容和結構具有以下特點：

　　***1***綜述的引言通常包括定義性解釋、研究背景、現存問題或分歧、綜述的目的、內容和

　　範圍;

　　***2***使用一般現在時介紹背景知識，使用現在完成時敘述他人成果，使用一般將來時或一

　　般現在時簡介本文內容;

　　***3***句子結構力求簡潔明瞭，多用簡單句，並列成份較為常見;

　　***4***以第三人稱主語為主，間或使用第一人稱複數充當主語。

　　述評***Review***

　　述評是文獻綜述的核心所在，是對引言的展開和深入。根據引言所提出的問題和限定的範圍，

　　作者要對大量有關文獻進行系統的整理、歸納、對比和分析，在此基礎上列出與主題有關的

　　所有重要學術觀點，然後分別加以論述，以便讀者獲得全面的瞭解。回顧前人研究，以時間

　　為序，由遠及近。以有敘有議的方式體現述評的功能，敘前人研究，議其結果、探其原因、

　　究其不足。

　　分析評論，特別是表達作者自己的觀點時，要客觀、謹慎，因此多使用模糊性語言和表推測

　　的語言形式。

　　綜述的結論***Conclusion***

　　結論不僅是作者對全文的總結，也是作者發表個人意見的部分，一般有標題Conclusion 或

　　Summary，較短的綜述如果沒有小標題，則往往有As mentioned above，To sum up，To

　　conclude，Inshort，In all 等短語引出結論。結論的內容包括：對述評的歸納、對各種問

　　題的評論性意見、對未來研究的建議或展望。

　　二.注意事項

　　⒈蒐集文獻應儘量全面。掌握全面、大量的文獻資料是寫好綜述的前提，否則，隨便蒐集一點資料就動手撰寫是不可能寫出好的文獻綜述，甚至寫出的文章根本不成為綜述。

　　⒉注意引用文獻的代表性、可靠性和科學性。在蒐集到的文獻中可能出現觀點雷同，有的文獻在可靠性及科學性方面存在著差異，因此在引用文獻時應注意選用代表性、可靠性和科學性較好的文獻。

　　⒊引用文獻要忠實文獻內容。由於文獻綜述有作者自己的評論分析，因此在撰寫時應分清作者的觀點和文獻的內容，不能篡改文獻的內容。

　　⒋參考文獻不能省略。有的科研論文可以將參考文獻省略，但文獻綜述絕對不能省略，而且應是文中引用過的，能反映主題全貌的並且是作者直接閱讀過的文獻資料。

　　5.文獻綜述不應是對已有文獻的重複、羅列和一般性介紹，而應是對以往研究的優點、不足和貢獻的批判性分析與評論。因此，文獻綜述應包括綜合提煉和分析評論雙重含義。

　　6.文獻綜述要文字簡潔，儘量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的語言把作者的觀點說清楚，從原始文獻中得出一般性結論。

　　7. 文獻綜述不是資料庫，要緊緊圍繞課題研究的“問題”，確保所述的已有研究成果與本課題研究直接相關，其內容是圍繞課題緊密組織在一起，既能系統全面地反映研究物件的歷史、現狀和趨勢，又能反映研究內容的各個方面。

　　8. 文獻綜述的綜述要全面、準確、客觀，用於評論的觀點、論據最好來自一次文獻，儘量避免使用別人對原始文獻的解釋或綜述。

　　VII. A Sample of Literature Review

　　A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

　　Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation***Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92～94***; Cultural Reflection on Vogue Words Translation ***Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ～ 51***; The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words ***Shi Rui, 2010:102～105***.

　　Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis ***Sun Manjun,1996:101～107*** discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions ***Liu Dawei,1997:35 ～ 38*** talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions ***Xia Lihong, 1999:16～18*** treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity

　　and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions ***Xiong Zhongwu, 1992***, andBeijing Modern Buzzwords ***Zhou Yimin, 1992***.

　　After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.

　　References

　　[1] Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999

　　[2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，2007. 226

　　[3] Einar, H. The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing. Language, 1950 ***26***:210～231

　　[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004.283

　　[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing:

　　Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223

　　[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010

　　[7] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001

　　[8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 268

　　[9] Romaine, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994

　　[10]陳原. 社會語言學. 北京：商務印書館，2000

　　[11]陳原. 新詞語. 北京：語文出版社，2000:1

　　[12]丁加勇. 論流行語語義的不確定性及其發展前景. 華中科技大學學報，

　　2004，***6***：160～164

　　[13]郭熙，中國社會語言學. 南京：南京大學出版社, 1999.151

　　[14]韓李. 當代漢語流行語探析. 河南師範大學學報***哲學社會科學版***，2007,

　　***3***：181

　　[15]黃平飛. 淺論流行語——透過央視春晚來看流行語.科教文匯***下旬刊***，

　　2009,***3***:237

　　[16]姜紅. 試論當代中國的社會流行語. 安徽農業大學學報***社會科學版***，