高中英語知識梳理

　　知識點是英語中的一個重要的部分。下面是小編為大家帶來的，相信對你會有幫助的。

　　***一***

　　1. win, beat, defeat 表示獲勝、取勝的詞語

　　***1*** win v. 贏……，獲勝，接比賽或獎項 win a game / a prize / an honor / a race. / Our team won the game 8 to 7. / He won by five points. / He won her love at last. / He won the first place in the competition.

　　***2*** beat + 對手，表打敗***尤指體育比賽*** I can easily beat him at golf.

　　***3*** defeat 表戰勝，接對手The enemy was defeated in the battle.

　　2. in the end, finally, at last

　　三者均可表示“***經過周折、等待、耽誤***最後，終於”之意。不同的是：

　　finally 一般用在句中動詞前面，而 at last 與 in the end 的位置則較為靈活;

　　三者中at last 語氣最為強烈，且可單獨作為感嘆句使用。After putting it off three times, we finally managed to have a holiday in Dalian. / At last he knew the meaning of life. / At last! Where on earth have you been? / But in the end he gave in.

　　另外，finally還可用在列舉事項時，引出最後一個內容，相當於lastly。 Firstly, we should make a plan; secondly, we should carry it out; finally we should make a conclu- sion.

　　3. by sea, by the sea, in the sea, on the sea, at sea

　　***1*** by sea “走海路，乘船”，用來表示交通方式，同 by ship 同義。 These heavy boxes should be sent by sea.

　　***2*** by the sea “在海邊”，相當於 by ***at*** the seaside。The children enjoyed themselves by the sea on Children's Day.

　　***3*** in the sea “在海里，在海水中” There are many plants and animals in the sea.

　　***4*** on the sea “在海面上”，“在海岸邊”。I want to live in a town with a beautiful position on the sea.

　　***5*** at sea 在海上;在航海 When he woke up, the ship was at sea.

　　4. be afraid, be afraid to do sth., be afraid of ***doing*** sth.

　　***1*** be afraid 意為“擔心，害怕”，多用於口語，常用來表示一種歉意，或遺憾，後可接 so 或 not，也可接 that 從句。I'm afraid ***that*** 其語意相當於 I'm sorry, but...。

　　-- Are we on time? 我們準時嗎? -- I'm afraid not. 恐怕不準時。I'm afraid you'll get caught in the rain.

　　***2*** be afraid to do sth 常表示“由於膽小而不敢做某事”。She is afraid to be here alone. / He is afraid to jump into the river from the bridge.

　　***3*** be afraid of ***doing*** sth. 常表示“擔心或害怕某事***發生***”。I was afraid of hurting her feelings.

　　5. live, living, alive, lively

　　***1*** live adj.

　　① 活的;活生生的;***只修飾生物;只作前置定語*** The laboratory is doing experiments with several live monkeys.

　　② 實況直播的 ***不是錄音***It wasn't a recorded show. It was live.

　　③ 帶電的;燃著的;可爆炸的 This is a live wire.

　　***2*** living adj. 活著的，有生命的***作表語或定語*** She was, he thought, the best living novelist in England. / The old man is still living. ***或alive***

　　***3*** alive adj. ① 活著的;② 有活力的;有生氣

　　作後置定語：Who's the greatest man alive?

　　作表語：Was the snake alive or dead? / My grandmother is more alive than a lot of young people.

　　作補語：Let's keep the fish alive.

　　***4*** lively adj. 活潑的;有生氣的;活躍的***作表語或定語*** The music is bright and lively.

　　6. take off, take down, take in, take on, take up

　　***1*** take off

　　① ***飛機***起飛 A helicopter is able to take off and land straight up or down.

　　② 脫下***衣裳等***;取下 He took off his wet shoes. / Who took the knob off the door?

　　③ 休假;請假;歇工 When his wife was sick he took off from work.

　　④ ***指觀念、產品*** 大受歡迎;***事業***突然發達，成功The new type of cell phones has really taken off. / His business began to take off when he was in his forties.

　　***2*** take down

　　① 拿下來;取下來 He reached up to the third shelf of the bookcase and took down a dictionary.

　　② 記下來 He read out the names and his secretary took them down.

　　***3*** take in

　　① 接受 ***房客，客人等***;收留 The farmers took in the lost travelers for the night.

　　② 理解;領會;明白 The boys could not take in his meaning.

　　③包括;涉及 The study of physics takes in many different subjects.

　　④使上當;欺騙We were completely taken in by her story.

　　***4*** take on

　　① 接受;從事***某工作*** After his father died, Bill took on the management of the factory.

　　② 僱用Is the supermarket taking on any more assis- tant?

　　③ 具有***新面貌、意思等*** The city has taken on a new look.

　　***5*** take up

　　① 從事某項活動;發展某種愛好 So many young men want to take up writing.

　　② 開始做***某項工作***;開始學習***某個課程*** Then she took up the task of getting the breakfast. / He dropped medicine and took up physics.

　　③ 佔去 ***時間或空間*** The meeting took up the whole morning. / The table takes up too much room.

　　④ 接受I'd like to take up your offer of a ride into town.

　　7. call for, call on, call up

　　***1*** call for

　　① 來找***某人***;來取***某物*** I'll call for you at your house.

　　②要求;需要Success in school calls for much hard work.

　　***2*** call on

　　① call on / upon sb. 拜訪;去會***某人*** I hope to call on you at your office at 3 o’clock today.

　　② call on / upon sb. to do sth. 請/叫某人做某事He called upon me to speak immediately.

　　③ 號召;呼籲;要求 The President called on his people to serve the country.

　　***3*** call up

　　① 給……打電話 ***英 ring up*** I tried to call you up last night, but no one answered the phone.

　　② 徵召入役;呼叫 ***後備部隊*** Three boys in our street were called up last week.

　　8. too much, much too

　　***1*** too much “太多”之意，可以作形容詞，修飾不可數 名詞，也可作副詞，修飾動詞。 There is too much rain here in spring. / She talked too much at the meeting.

　　***2*** much too “簡直太，過於”，只能作副詞，用來修飾 形容詞或別的副詞，不能修飾動詞。This book is much too difficult for me. / The old man walks much too slowly.

　　9. custom, habit

　　***1*** custom 指傳統風俗、習俗，也可指生活習慣，後接不定式。They broke some of the old customs. / It is the custom in China to eat dumplings during the spring Festival.

　　***2*** habit 指個人生活習慣。“***有***養成……習慣”常

　　用be in / fall into / get into / form / have the habit of doing sth. 句型;“戒掉……習慣”常用 give up / kick / break away from / get out of the habit of doing sth. 句型。It's easy to get into a bad habit but its hard to give it up. / The drug easily get one into the habit of smoking.

　　10. arise, rise, raise

　　raise vt.“使……上升;升起;提高”等;

　　rise vi.“上升;升起”;

　　arise vi.“站起來***stand up***”，“起床***get up***”，rise和arise用作站起，起床都屬正式用法;arise主要表示“出現、發生”等意思。She raised her voice in anger. ***抬高*** The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground. ***颳起*** The child rose from the ground and ran to his mother. ***=The child raised himself from the ground and ran to his mother.*** ***爬起*** She rises before it is light. ***起床*** Difficulties will arise as we do the work. ***出現***

　　***二***

　　1. can't help doing sth. 禁不住做某事，不由得不做某事

　　She couldn't hep smiling.

　　[比較]

　　***1*** can't help but do 不得不……;不能不 When the streets are full of melting snow, you can't help but get your shoes wet.

　　***2*** cannot but 不能不，只能He could not but feel disappointed.

　　[歸納]

　　***1*** help ***sb.*** ***to*** do sth. Help me get him back to bed at once. / By helping them we are helping save ourselves.

　　***2*** help...with sth. 幫助……做某事 In those days he used to help her mother with her gardening.

　　***3*** help oneself / sb. to sth. 給自己 / 別人夾菜 / 拿煙

　　等;擅自拿用 May I help you to some more vegetables?

　　***4*** help...in sth. 在……方面幫助某人 She offered to help Rose in the housekeeping when I am not here.

　　***5*** help out 幫忙 ***做事;克服困難等*** I've often helped Bob out when he's been a bit short of money.

　　2. 含go的短語

　　① go around 到處走/跑.***疾病***流傳，***謠言***傳開;go after 追求;go ahead 說吧，請吧，做吧;go away 離開，出去

　　② go back 走網頭路，翻悔改變;go bad 變壞;go boating 去划船

　　③ go fishing 去釣魚;go for a walk去 散步

　　④ go hiking 去徒步旅行;go home 回家

　　⑤ go in for 喜愛，從事於;go into 進入，加入

　　⑥ go mad 發瘋

　　⑦ go off 離去，去世;go on 繼續，進展，依據;go on doing 繼續做;go out 出去，發出去，熄滅，不時興;go over 研究，檢查，搜查

　　⑧ go shopping 去商店;go skating 去滑冰;go straight along 沿著;go swimming 去游泳

　　⑨ go through 通過，經受，仔細檢查;go to bed 上床

　　⑩ go up 上升

　　⑪ go wrong 走錯路，誤入歧途

　　[例句] We'll go through the items one by one. 我們要逐條研究。She has gone back to her old habits. 她又回到了已往的習慣。Come on Sunday by yourself - we can go over the house together. 星期天你要過來.我們一起檢查一下房子。His speech went on for so long that people began to fall asleep. 他的演講持續很長時間，結果人們開始想睡。That expression has gone out. Nobody Uses it today. 那個短語已經過時了，現在沒有人在用它。The young fellow hasn't realized that he has gone wrong. 這個年輕人還沒有意識到他已經誤入歧途。Tired of going shopping with his wife，Mr. Liu pretended to have something important to do. 厭煩與妻子一起去購物，劉先生假裝有重要的事情要做。

　　【考例2】***2004北京*** I don't ____ rock' n' roll. It's much too noisy for my taste.

　　A. go after B. go away with

　　C. go into D. go in for

　　[考查目標] 此題主要考查四個動詞短語的意思。

　　[答案與解析]D go after 追求;go away with 帶走;go into進入，加入;go in for 喜愛，愛好。根據句子意思“搖滾音樂太嘈雜。不合乎我的口味.所以我不喜歡”。

　　【考例】***NMET 1998*** Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ____.

　　A. be put up B. give in

　　C. be turned on D. go out

　　[考查目標]此題主要考查四個短語的意思。

　　[答案與解析] D put up 掛起;give in 屈服;turn on 開啟;go out 熄滅。本句話意思是“沒有人注意到賊溜進了屋子，因為燈碰巧熄滅了”。

　　3. go wrong

　　***1*** 走錯路;弄錯方向

　　***2*** 失敗;不順利All our plans went wrong. / Everything went wrong in those days.

　　***3***發生故障 The clock went wrong.

　　[比較]表示“變為”的系動詞

　　***1*** go 表示由積極向消極方面變化Fish soon goes bad in hot weather. 又如：go mad / pale / blind / hungry

　　***2*** become / get 表示由積極向消極或消極向積極方

　　面變化 The weather is getting quite warm. / Gradually he became silent.

　　***3*** turn 多接表顏色的詞 This ink turns black when it dries. / He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.

　　注意：become a writer

　　***4*** grow 側重變化過程 The sea is growing calm.

　　***5*** fall 進入某種狀態 All three children fell asleep.

　　4. owe...to... 受到恩惠;歸功於……

　　***1*** 欠***錢***owe sb. money = owe money to sb.

　　I owe ￡50 to my tailor. = I owe my tailor ￡50.

　　***2*** 得過***某人的***好處;欠***某人的***人情債

　　We owe a great deal to our parents and teachers.

　　***3*** 應當給予 You owe me an apology.

　　***4*** ……應歸功於;……都虧得

　　We owe the general theory of relativity to Einstein.

　　[拓展]表示“由於”的片語：owing to / because of / thanks to / due to / as a result of

　　5. take one's place

　　***1*** 入座，站好位置，取得地位Take your places, please. We are about to start.

　　***2*** take one's place = take the place of sb. 代替***職務或工作等***;接替Electric trains have now taken the place of steam trains in England.

　　[比較]

　　***1*** in place ***of***代替;……而不用The grown-ups had coffee but the children wanted milk in place of coffee.

　　***2*** take one's seat 在自己座位上坐下;有時等於 take one's place：More men entered and took their seats.

　　6. think highly of 讚揚

　　表讚賞的詞有：

　　***1*** think / speak highly / well / much...of: The people think very highly of him.

　　表認為不好的詞有：

　　***2*** think little / badly / poorly / nothing...of: Joan thought little of walking two miles to school.

　　7. 含“動詞 + away”的短語

　　① do away with 去掉

　　② get away 逃脫，***使***離開

　　③ go away 離去，出去

　　④ put away 放好，把……收拾起來，存***錢***以備它日之用

　　⑤ run away 逃走，離開

　　⑥ smooth away 去除，克服

　　⑦ stay away ***from*** 不在家，外出

　　⑧ take away 拿走，帶走，奪去，使離去

　　⑨ throw away 扔掉.浪費.坐失***良機***

　　[例句]Don't throw away such a good chance. Or you'll regret. 不要放棄這麼好的機會，不然的話，你會後悔

　　的。Put away the tools before you leave. 離開前把工具收拾好。Why did you stay away from school? 你為什麼不去上學? I had hoped to take a good holiday this year but I wasn't able to get away. 我本打算今年好好去度假，但是我離不開。

　　【考例】***2004重慶***Before the war broke out, many

　　people ____ in safe places possessions they could

　　not take with them.

　　A. threw away B. put away

　　C. gave away D. carried away

　　[考查目標]此題主要考查“動詞+away”四個短語的意思。

　　[答案與解析]B throw away 扔掉;put way 放好，把

　　……收拾起來;give away 分發.洩露;carry away 衝

　　走。本句話意思是“在戰爭爆發以前，許多人把他們不

　　能帶走的財產藏在了安全的地方”。

　　8. 含“動詞 + off”的短語

　　① drop off 放下，下車

　　② fall off ***從……***掉下來

　　③ get off ***從……***下來，動身，起飛，脫下來

　　④ give off 發出，放出

　　⑤ jump off 跳離

　　⑥ put off 推遲，延期

　　⑦ set off 出發，引起，啟程

　　⑧ see sb off 為某人送行，為……送行

　　⑨ switch off 關掉

　　⑩ take off 脫，去掉，起飛，匆匆離開，成名

　　⑪ throw off 匆忙脫掉

　　⑫ turn off 關掉，避開，拐彎

　　[例句]The electricity supply must be turned off at the mains before you change the lighting circuit. 在改變火線前，主幹線的電力供應必須切斷。 Mrs Garey as usual went to the door to see him off. Garey夫人像通常一樣把他送到門口。He had to put off an appointment with me on account of illness. 因為疾病的緣故，他不得不推遲了與我的約會。Before the body of the car can be properly repaired, all the external fittings must be taken off. 車身適當修理前，所有外部的配件必須拿下來。The fire doesn't seem to be giving off much heat. 這爐火好像不大熱。

　　【考例】***2005廣東*** John is leaving for London tomorrow and I will ____ him ____ at the airport.

　　A. send...away B. leave...off

　　C. see...off D. show...around

　　[考查目標]此題主要考查短語see off的用法。

　　[答案與解析]C see off 意為“給某人送行”;send away意為“派遣”;leave off意為“停止，不再穿”;show around意為“帶領某人蔘觀”。

　　***三***

　　1. The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low. 他沒能上電影學院是因為他的分數太低了。

　　該句巾的why引導一個定語從句，而that引導表語從句。

　　1. 句中that引導的表語從句說明主語reason的具體內容，往往被看作是固定句型：The reason is / was that clause. 當主語是reason / cause時，一般不能用because或why引導表語從句，以免造成語意重複。當主語是This / That時，可以由because / why引導表語從句。例如：One reason is that people traveled to America from all European countries.

　　【考例】***NMET 1999***

　　-- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

　　-- Is that ____ you had a few days off?

　　A. why B. when C. what D. where

　　[考查目標] 表語從句。

　　[答案與解析]A 句子的意思是“那就是你請了幾天假的原因嗎?”因此可知答案為why。

　　2. why在句中是關係副詞，引導定語從句，修飾先行詞reason，同時它在定語從句中作狀語，此時why = for which，但要注意：關係詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語時，要用關係代詞that或which。

　　【考例】***2002上海春招***Is this the reason ____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?

　　A. he explained B. what he explained

　　C. how he explained D. why he explained

　　[考查目標]定語從句。

　　[答案與解析]A what，how不能引導定語從句，排除B、C兩項;the reason在定語從句中作explained的賓語，可填that / which，或者也可以省略。

　　2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark. 好多看過這個片子的人一想起片中鯊魚食人的場面.就不敢下海游泳了。

　　該句是一個複雜長句，從when到句子末尾是狀語從句，在從句中包含一個由which引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞scenes; 在前面的主句裡面。包含一個由who引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞people。例如：Those who want to go camping next Sunday sign your name here before class is over.

　　定語從句關係詞的選擇，要遵循“瞻前顧後”的原則，所謂“瞻前”即看前面的先行詞指人還是指物;“顧後”即後面的定語從句，看關係詞在定語從句中作什麼成分。例如：This is the factory where he works. ***狀語*** / This is the factory ***that / which*** he visited. ***賓語***

　　【考例】***NMET 1992***In the dark street，there wasn't a single person ____ she could turn for help.

　　A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom

　　[考查目標]定語從句。

　　[答案與解析]D “turn to sb for help”為固定短語，意思是“向某人求助”，所以選to whom。

　　3. When asked about the secret of his success, Steven Spielberg said that he owes much of his success and happiness to his wife and children. 當有人問起他成功的祕訣時。史蒂文·斯皮爾伯格說起他的成功和幸福主要來自於妻子和孩子。

　　該句中的 "when" 是時間狀語從句的省略形式。在狀語從句中，如果從句主語與主句主語一致或從句主語是it，而且從句謂語動詞是be或包含be時，常常將從句主語與be省略。例如：Although born in Chicago, the author is famous for his stories about New York.

　　【考例】 ***2003上海春招*** Unless ___to speak，you should remain silent at the conference.

　　A. invited B. inviting

　　C. being invited D. having invited

　　[考查目標]狀語從句的省略現象。

　　[答案與解析]A unless為連詞，後面省略了you are，所以選invited。

　　4. Having good table manners means knowing, for example, how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table. 在餐桌上，懂禮節意味著你知道如何使用刀叉，何時祝酒以及如何在用餐時舉止得體。

　　該句中having good manners為v-ing形式作主語。例如：Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.

　　▲友情提示：在v -ing 形式前加形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格，構成v -ing複合結構，在句中作主語、賓語。

　　【考例5】***2001上海***Fishing is his favorite hobby, and ____.

　　A. he'd like to collect coins as well

　　B. he feels like collecting coins, too

　　C. to collect coins is also his hobby

　　D. collecting coins gives him great pleasure

　　[考查目標]v -ing 作主語。

　　[答案與解析]D A、B、C三項句法都無錯誤，但在and連線的並列句中，兩個簡單句的主語要保持一致的形式 fishing and collecting coins分別做兩個簡單句的主語。

　　5. It's polite to finish eating everything on your plate, so don't take more food than you need. 餐盤裡的東西要吃光才禮貌，所以不要多拿。

　　該句中的it為形式主語，真正的主語為to finish eating …例如：It's not right to tell lies. 撒謊是不對的。

　　it作為形式主語，真正的主語是動詞不定式短語。常見的句型有：

　　1. It + be + adj. + to do sth 2. It + be + n. + to do sth

　　3. It + be + PP. to do sth

　　【考例】***2001上海*** In fact ____ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.

　　A. this B. that C. there D. it

　　[考查目標] 形式主語。

　　[答案與解析]D 只有it才可以作形式主語。

　　【句型歸納】

　　1. When / While / Though / Unless / If + n. / adj. / 現在分詞/過去分詞……

　　狀語從句有些成分有時可省略，一般是主語和be省略;有時it和be可以省略： He made no answer when ***he is*** spoken to. /Though ***he was*** born in Chicago, the author is most famous for his stories about New York. / Come back early if ***it is*** possible.

　　[注意]用法詳見Chapter 10語法活用“省略和插入語”。

　　2. Not only / just…but ***also*** 連線相同的句子成分

　　Not only the teacher but all the students are going to visit the Science Museum. ***連線主語時根據就近原則*** / They not only sang but ***also*** danced for a whole night. / Many people go to see this film not just because the film is interesting, but also the leading actors and actresses are all world famous. / Not only do we learn for our country, but we'll work for her in the future. ***連線句子時，not only後的句子要部分倒裝***