常用英美文學術語
下面是小編整理的一些，歡迎大家閱讀!
01. Humanism人文主義
Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.
2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.
02. Renaissance文藝復興
The word“Renaissance”means“rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.
2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.
3>the real mainstream of the english Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with william shakespeare being the leading dramatist.
03. Metaphysical poetry玄學派詩歌
Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.
2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.
3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.
04. Classcism古典主義
Classcism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.
05. Enlightenment啟蒙運動
Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.
2>the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.
3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.
4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.
5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan swift.etc.
06.Neoclassicism新古典主義
In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.
2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.
3>they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.
07. The Graveyard School墓地派詩歌
The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present, with death and graveyard as themes.
2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.
08. Romanticism浪漫主義
1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.
2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.
3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4>The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.
09. Byronic Hero拜倫式英雄
Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.
2>with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.
3>Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the“Byronic Hero”
10. Aestheticism美學主義
The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement---“art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.
2>aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.
3>According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.
4>This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.
美學運動的基本原則”為藝術而藝術”最初由法國詩人西奧費爾.高締爾提出,英國運用該美學理論的第一人是沃爾特.佩特.美學主義崇尚藝術高於生活,認為生活應模仿藝術,而不是藝術模仿生活.在美學主義看來,所有的藝術創作都是絕對主觀而非客觀的產物.藝術不應受任何功利的影響,只有當藝術為藝術而創作時,藝術才能成為不朽之作.他們還認為藝術不應只關注一些熱點話題如政治和道德問題,藝術應著力於以華麗的風格張揚美.這是對維多利亞工業發展時期物質崇拜的一種迴應,也是向藝術為道德或為金錢
11. Critical Realism批判現實主義
Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
2>It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.
3>Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.
4>Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.
而服務的維多利亞傳統的挑戰.
12.The Victorian period維多利亞時期
In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.
2>although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.
3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.
4>Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.
13. Modernism現代主義
Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.
2>modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.
3>the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.
4>in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.
5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looking at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.
14. Stream of consciousness意識流or interior monologue
In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.
學術界認為意識流是一種通過直接描述人物思維過程來尋求個人視角的文學寫作技巧。意識流是現代主義運動的體現，它首先出現在心現學領域，由梅.辛克拉提出的，後引進文學領域。意識流寫作通常被認為是一種特殊形式的內心獨白.它的特別是聯想性,以句法和標點的跳躍,文章的晦澀難懂為特徵.來表現人物的片斷思維和感官性直覺.比較著名的使用此技巧的有喬伊斯.福克納.
15. American Puritanism美國清教主義
Puritanism was a religious reform that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the 17th to the northern English colonies in the new world---a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England. Puritanism, however, was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of new England, it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, puritans adhered to the five points of Calvinism as codified at the synod of dort in 1619:
1 Unconditional election: the idea that God had decreed at the synod of damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world;
2 limited atonement: the idea that Christ died for the elect only;
3 Total depravity: humanity’s utter corruption since the fall;
4 Irresistible grace: regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be re3sisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing;
5 The perseverance of the saints: the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart, cannot fall away from grace.
清教主義是16世紀晚期在英國教會內進行的一場宗教改革.在教會和皇權的雙重壓力之下,清教的一個分支於17世紀30,40年代遷至美洲新大陸的北方殖民地,他們為新英格蘭奠定了宗教、知識和社會秩序的基礎。清教主義不僅符合新英格蘭成立的特定歷史，而且一直反映了美國生活的一種生活方式。從教義上說，清教徒遵循加爾文派於1619年多特宗教會議上制定的五條信條：1無條件揀選：神沒有任憑人在罪中滅亡，而是在創世以前就揀選了一群人旅行拯救; 2有限救贖： 基督的死只是為了特定數目的選民而死; 3 完全墮落：自從亞當偷吃善惡果後，整個人類都墮落了;4不可抗拒的恩典：聖靈的能力在罪人心裡執行，一直到他認罪悔改方休;5聖徒的堅守：聖徒是神所挑選的，無論他們如何退步，始終在神的感召下。
16. American Romanticism美國浪漫主義
Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the civil war. It was an age of great westward expansion, of the increasing gravity of the slavery question, of an intensification of the spirit of embattled sectionalism in the south, and of a powerful impulse to reform in the north. In literature it was America’s first great creative period, a full flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil. Although foreign influences were strong, American romanticism exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own. First, American romanticism was in essence the expression of“a real new experience”and contained“an alien quality” for the simple reason that“the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. Second, puritan influence over American romanticism was conspicuously noticeable. Emerging as new writers of strength and creative power were the novelists Hawthorne, Melville, the poets Dickinson, Whitman, the essayists Thoreau, Emerson. These American writers had made a great literary period by capturing on their pages the enthusiasm and the optimism of that dream.
浪漫主義是於18世紀晚期發起於歐洲的一場藝術性及思想性的運動，它注重自然，強調個人情感表達與想像力，向既定的社會制度和傳統挑戰，與古典主義形式相分離。美國的浪漫主義時期從18世紀末一直延續到內戰爆發前。這個時期發生了大規模的西遷運動，日益嚴峻的奴隸問題，南部各州的地方保護主義的是益盛行以及北部呼聲愈演愈烈火的革新運動。在文學上，這個時期是美國第一次偉大的創作時期，浪漫主義的種子在北美的土壤裡生根發芽。儘管受到歐洲浪漫主義運動的影響，美國浪漫主義文學仍然呈現出自己的獨特風格。第一，美國浪漫主義在本質上是一個“全新的經歷“的表達，因這個新大陸充滿著生機和活力而使美國的浪漫主義蘊含異國的氣質;第二，清教主義對美國浪漫主義有著顯著的影響，作為新生創作力量的有小說家霍桑，麥爾維爾。詩人狄金森和惠特曼，散文家梭羅，愛默生。這些美國作家充滿熱情地記錄下這個偉大時代的樂觀主義精神。
17. Transcendentalism超驗主義
Transcendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in new England from about 1836 to 1860. it is the summit of American Romanticism. it originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Coleridge and Wordsworth. Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings. Although Transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents. The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority. The ideas of Transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature, and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden.
超驗主義是從1836至1860於新英格蘭發起的一場文學,哲學以及藝術運動.即浪漫主義的頂點.由於一小群知識分子反對加爾文教派和唯一神論教派理性的形式主義,他們從而提出人與自然的神聖這一信念.超驗主義受到德國浪漫主義哲學以及英國浪漫主義作家柯勒律治和沃茲華斯的影響,還在一定程度上受到東方古典哲學和宗教的影響.儘管超驗主義思想並不能算是嚴格意義上的哲學, 但是它還是有一些基本原則的.超驗主義者認為人人都有內在的神性,只有通過接觸自然才能使神性與人的天性相互融合.從而超驗主義十分強調個人主義,自立,拒絕傳統權威思想.超驗主義思想在愛默生的<論自然>和梭羅的<瓦爾登湖>等書中表現得淋漓盡致.
18. the Age of Realism現實主義時期
1.Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism; 2.During this period a new generation of writers, dissatisfied with the Romantic ideas in the older generation, came up with a new inspiration. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life. It aimed at the interpretation of the realities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. Instead of thinking about the mysteries of life and death and heroic individualism, people’s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence, to what was brutal or sordid, and to the open portrayal of class struggle;3 so writers began to describe the integrity of human characters reacting under various circumstances and picture the pioneers of the far west, the new immigrants and the struggles of the working class; 4 Mark Twain Howells and Henry James are three leading figures of the American Realism.
19. American Naturalism美國自然主義文學
The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to accout for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.2 naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.3>Dreiser is a leading figure of his school.
20. Naturalism自然主義
Naturalism is a literary movement related to and sometimes described as an extreme form of realism but which may be more appropriately considered as a parallel to philosophic Naturalism. 2 as a more deliberate kind of realism Naturalism usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. In Naturalism a more documentary-like approach is in evidence, with a great stress on how environment and heredity shape people. 3 As a literary movement, Naturalism was initiated in France. 4 Naturalist fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored concerns of modern society.
21. Local Colorism鄉土文學
Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town.
2 Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions, they worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the local.
3 major local colorists is Mark Twain.
22. Imagism意象主義
Imagism came into being in Britain and U.S around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.
2>the imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.
3>imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:
A. direct treatment of subject matter;
B. economy of expression;
C. as regards rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome.
4>pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.
23. The Lost Generation迷惘的一代
The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.
2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.
3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.
24. Expressionism表現主義
Expressionism refers to a movement in Germany early in the 20th century. In which a number of painters sought to avoid the representation of external reality and ,instead, to project a highly personal or subjective vision of the world.
2>expressionism is a reaction against realism or naturalism, aiming at presenting a post-war world violently distorted.
3>in a further sense, the term is sometimes applied to the belief that literary works are essentially expressions of their authors’moods and thoughts; this has been the dominant assumption about literature since the rise of romanticism.
25. The Beat Generation垮掉的一代
The members of The Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity.
2>The Beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style.
3>the major beat writings are Allen Ginsberg’s Howl. Howl became the manifesto of The Beat Generation.
26. Jazz Age爵士時代
The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War I and World War II. Particularly in North America. With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”.
27. Surrealism超現實主義
An anti-rational movement of imaginative liberation in European in art and literature in the 1920s and 1930s, which launched by Andre Breton after his break from the Dada group in 1922. Surrealism seeks to break down the boundaries between rationality and irrationality, exploring the resources and revolutionary energies of dreams, hallucinations and sexual desire. Influenced both by the symbolists and by Sigmund Freud’s theories of the unconscious, the surrealists experimented with automatic writing and with the free association of random images brought in surprising juxtaposition.
超現實主義是20世紀20年代和30年代在歐洲文藝和文學界發起的一場反對理性提倡思想解放的運動.這場運動由安德烈.布里多尼和達達派決裂後發起.超現實主義試圖打破理性和非理性之間的界限.探討夢.幻覺以及性慾的源頭和動力.由於受到象徵主義和弗洛伊德無意思理論的影響,超現實主義將自由聯想和自由寫作以不可思議的形式並置合併在一起.
28. Metaphysical poets玄學派詩人
It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poet was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics.
29. New Criticism新批評主義
New Criticism is a movement in American literary criticism from the 1930s to the 1960s, concentrating on the verbal complexities and ambiguities of short poems considered as self-sufficient objects without attention to their origins or effects. The name comes from John Chrisom’s book The New Criticism.
30. Feminism女權主義
Feminism incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social equality.
2>in general, feminism is ideology of women’s liberation based on the belief that women suffer injustice because of their sex. Under this broad umbrella various feminisms offer differing analyses of the causes, or agents, of female oppression.
3>definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So, for example, Marxist and socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression.
31. Hemingway Code Hero海明威式英雄
Hemingway Code Hero, also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong more sensitive, enjoys the pleasures of life sex, alcohol, sport in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.
2>barnes in the sun also Rises, Henry in a Farewell to arms and Santiago in the old man and the sea are typical of Hemingway Code Hero
32. Impressionism印象主義
Impressionism is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on the artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or setting or action.2>briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather that realistic mood.
33. Postmodernism後現代主義
It is a disputed term that has occupied much recent debate about contemporary culture since the early 1980s. in its simplest and least satisfactory sense it refers generally to the phase of 20th century western culture that succeeded the reign of hign modernism, thus indicating the products of the“space age” after some time in the 1950s. More often, though it is applied to a cultural condition prevailing in the advanced capitalist societies since the 1960s, characterized by a superabundance of disconnected images and styles. In this sense, post modernity is said to be a culture of fragmentary sensations, eclectic nostalgia, disposable simulacra, and promiscuous superficiality, in which the traditionally valued qualities of depth, coherence, meaning originality and authenticity are evacuated or dissolved amid the random swirl of empty signals.
這個具有爭議的名字概念是從20世紀80年代早期開始應用於近幾十年的現代文化領域.最簡單也最難說服人的說法是後現代主義是20世紀西方文明繼高度現代主義之後的一個階段.後現代主義是50年代太空時代的產物.通常它被用來解釋自60年代起先進資本主義社會主要的社會文化現象.從這個意義上說.後現代主義被認為是片斷構建的編織.折衷的懷舊主義,濫用的仿物以及混雜的淺浮,而傳統所強調的深度.連貫.意義的原創性,真實性都在空洞訊號的隨意氾濫中消失瓦解.
34. Confessional poetry自白派詩歌
It is an autobiographical mode of verse that reveals the poet’s personal problems with unusual frankness. The term is usually applied to certain poets of the United states from the late 1950s to the late 1960s, notably Robert Lowell. The term’s distinctive sense depends on the candid examination of what were at the time of writing virtually unmentionable kinds of private distress. The genuine strengths of confessional poets, combined with the pity evoked by their high suicide rate, encouraged in the reading public a romantic confusion between poetic excellence and inner torment.
自白詩歌是一種自傳體詩歌.詩歌主要用不尋常的坦白展示詩人的個人內心問題.自白詩歌是指50年代後期到60年代後期出現的詩人.特別是羅伯特.洛厄爾.此概念有時在廣義上指任何個人或自傳的詩歌,但自白詩歌最明顯的特徵,是坦誠揭露寫作時的所思所想,個人心裡憂傷的流露.自白派詩人傑出的文學才華和他們由於痛苦而引起的高自殺率,以及詩歌中處處流露著痛苦,迷茫,悲觀,隱晦的氣氛,讓讀者們閱讀時產生一種詩歌精妙和內心痛苦的迷茫感.
35. The New York School紐約派
The New York School was an informal group of American poets and painters active in 1950s New York City, critics argued that their work was a reaction to the confessional’s movement in contemporary poetry. Their poetic subject matter was often light, violent, or observational, while their writing style was often described as cosmopolitan and world-traveled. the poets often drew inspiration from surrealism and the contemporary avant-garde art movement, in particular the action painting of their friends in the New York City art circle.there are also commonalities between the New York School and the earlier Beat Generation poets active in 1940s and 1950s New York City.
紐約派詩人是50年代活躍在紐約的美國詩人和畫家的非正式群體。評論家認為他們是對同時代自白派詩歌運動的反抗。他們作品的主題通常輕快，激烈或者觀察入微。他們的寫作風格是全球性的。他們接受了超現實主義和先鋒藝術運動，特別是紐約畫界的朋友的影響創作詩。他們與40,50年代紐約的垮掉一代詩人有一定共同點.
36. The Absurd 荒謬派
It is a term derived from the existentialism of Albert Camus, and often applied to the modern sense of human purposelessness in a universe without meaning or value. Many 20th century writers of prose fiction have stressed the absurd nature of human existence: notable instances are the novels and stories of Franz Kafka, in which the characters face alarmingly incomprehensible predicaments.
37. The Black Mountain Poets黑山派詩人
The Black Mountain Poets refer to a group of poets active on the contemporary scene, as these people were either associated with Black Mountain college, or with Black Mountain Review, they have become known as“The Black Mountain Poets”
2>the leading figure of this school of poetry was Charles Olson.
38. Realism現實主義
Realism was a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life especially when they are gloomy. Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity.
39. Meditative Poetry冥想派詩歌