2017中考英語知識點梳理
英語是中考的一門重點考查科目,為了方便同學們更好地進行復習,接下來小編為你整理了,一起來看看吧。
2017中考英語知識點:介詞和連詞
1.介詞的功能
介詞是一種虛詞,用來表示名詞或相當於名詞的其它詞語句中其它詞的關係,不能單獨使用。介詞可與名詞或相當於名詞的其它詞構成介詞短語。介詞短語可在句中作定語,狀語,表語和賓語補足語。例如:
The boy over there is John’s brother. ***定語***
The girl will be back in two hours. ***狀語***
Our English teacher is from Australia. ***表語***
Help yourself to some fish. ***賓語補足語***
2.常用介詞的用法辨析
***1***表時間的介詞
at, in on
表示時間點用at。例如:at six o’clock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某個世紀,某年,某月,某個季節以及早晨,上午,下午,晚上時,用in。例如:in the ninettenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具體的某一天和某一天的上午,下午,晚上時,用on。例如:on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。
since, after
由since和after 引導的片語都可表示從過去某一點開始的時段,但since片語表示的時段一直延續到說話的時刻,因而往往要與現在完成時連用。而after片語所表示的時段純系過去,因而要與一般過去時連用。例如:
I haven’t heard from him since last summer.
After five days the boy came back.
in, after
in與將來時態連用時,表示“過多長時間以後”的意思,後面跟表示一段時間的詞語。After與將來時態連用時,後面只能跟表示時間點的詞語。After與過去時態連用時,後面才能跟表示一段時間的詞語。例如:
He will be back in two months.
He will arrive after four o’clock.
He returned after a month.
***2***表示地點的介詞
at, in, on
at一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某個範圍之內;on往往表示“在某個物體的表面”。例如:
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
They arrived at a small village before dark.
There is a big hole in the wall.
The teacher put up a picture on the wall.
over, above, on
over, on和above都可表示“在……上面”,但具體含義不同。Over表示位置高於某物,在某物的正上方,其反義詞是under。 above也表示位置高於某物,但不一定在正上方,其反義詞是below。On指兩個物體表面接觸,一個在另一的上面。例如:
There is a bridge over the river.
We flew above the clouds.
They put some flowers on the teacher’s desk.
across, through
across和through均可表示“從這一邊到另一邊”,但用法不同。Across的含義與on有關,表示動作在某一物體的表面進行。Throgh的含義與in有關,表示動作是在三維空間進行。例如:
The dog ran across the grass.
The boy swam across the river.
They walked through the forest.
I pushed through the crowds.
in front of, in the front of
in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”,在某個範圍以外;in the front of 表示“在……的前部”,在某個範圍以內。例如:
There are some tall trees in front of the building.
The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.
3.介詞的固定搭配
介詞往往同其他詞類形成了固定搭配關係。記住這種固定搭配關係,才能正確使用介詞。
***1***介詞與動詞的搭配
listen to , laugh at, get to, look for wait for, hear from, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spend…on…, 等。
***2***介詞與名詞的搭配
on time, in time, by bus, on foot, with pleasure, on one’s way to, in trouble, at breakfast, at the end of, in the end等。
***3***介詞與形容詞的搭配
be late for, be afraid of, be good at, be interested in, be angry with, be full of, be sorry for等。
4.連詞的功能
用來連線詞,短語,從句或句子的詞叫連詞。連詞是一種虛詞,在句中不能單獨使用。連詞可分為兩類:並列連詞和從屬連詞。
5.並列連詞
並列連詞用來連線具有並列關係的詞,短語或句子。常見的並列連詞有:
***1***表並列關係的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。
***2***表選擇關係的or, either…or等。
***3***錶轉折關係的but, while等。
***4***表因果關係的for, so等。
6.從屬連詞
從屬連詞用來引導從句。常見的從屬連詞有:
***1***引導時間狀語從句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。***2***引導條件狀語從句的if, unless等。
***3***引導原因狀語從句的because, as, since等。
***4***引導目的狀語從句的so that, in order that等。
***5***引導讓步狀語從句的though, although, even if等。
***6***引導結果狀語從句的so that, so…that, such…that等。
***7***引導比較狀語從句的than, as…as等。
***8***引導名詞從句的that, if , whether等。
7.常用連詞的用法辨析
***1*** while, when, as
這三個連詞都可引導時間狀語從句,但用法有所不同。
當某事正在進行的時候,又發生了另一件事。While, when, as 都可用來引導表示“背景”的時間狀語從句。例如:
As/When/While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car.
當兩個長動作同時進行的時候,最常用的是while。例如:
While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework.
當兩個動作都表示發展變化的情況時,最常用的是as。例如:
As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them.
當兩個短動作同時發生時,或表示“一邊…一邊…”時,最常用as。例如:
Just as he caught the fly, he gave a loud cry.
She looked behind from time to time as she went
當從句的動作先於主句的動作時,通常用when。例如:
When he finished his work, he took a short rest.
當從句是瞬間動作,主句是延續性動作時,通常用when。例如:
When John arrived I was cooking lunch.
***2***as, because, since , for
這四個詞都可表原因,但用法有區別。
如果原因構成句子的最主要部分,一般用because。因此,because引導的從句往往放在句末。例如:
I stayed at home because it rained.
---Why aren’t you going?
---Because I don’t want to.
如果原因已被人們所知,或不如句子的其它部分重要,就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一點。As和since 引導的從句一般放在句子的開頭。例如:
As he wasn’t ready, we left without him.
Since I have no money, I can’t buy any food.
for用來補充說明一種理由,因此,for引導的從句幾乎可以放在括號裡。For引導的句子不放在句子的開頭。例如:
I decided to stop and have lunch----for I was feeling quite hungry.
***3***if, whether
if和whether都可作“是否”講,在引導賓與從句是一般可互換。例如:
I wonder whether ***if*** you still study in that school.
I don’t know whether ***if*** he likes that film.
在下列情況下,只能用whether,不能用if:
引導主語從句時。例如:
Whether he will come to the party is unknown.
引導表語從句時。例如:
The question is whether I can pass the exam.
在不定式前。例如:
I haven’t made up my mind whether to go there or not.
***4***so…that, such…that
so…that中的so是個副詞,其後只能跟形容詞或副詞,而such…that中的such是個形容詞,後接名詞或名詞短語。例如:
I’m so tired that I can’t walk any farther.
It was such a warm day that he went swimming.
如果在名詞之前有many, much, little, few時,用so,不用such。例如:
He has so little education that he is unable to get a job.
I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.
***5***either…or…, neither…nor, not only…but also…
這三個連詞片語都可連線兩個並列成分。當它們連線兩個並列主語時,
謂語動詞要隨相鄰的主語變化。例如:
Either you or he is wrong.
Neither he nor his children like fish.
Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book.
***6***although, but
這兩個連詞不能用在同一個句子中。例如:我們不能說“Although he is
over sixty, but he works as hard as others.”這個句子應改為:Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as others.或He is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.
***7***because, so
這兩個連詞同樣不能用在同一個句子中。例如:我們不能說“Because John
was ill, so I took him to the doctor.” 這個句子應改為Because John was ill, I took him to the doctor.或John was ill, so I took him to the doctor.
2017中考英語知識點:賓語從句
一、賓語從句的種類
賓語從句是一種名詞性從句,在句中作及物動詞的賓語,或介詞的賓語,或
形容詞的賓語。根據引導賓語從句的不同連詞,賓語從句可分為三類。
1.由that引導的賓語從句。That只有語法作用,沒有實在的意義,在口語
和非正式文體中可以省略。例如:
He said ***that*** he wanted to stay at home.
She doesn’t know ***that*** she is seriously ill.
I am sure ***that*** he will succeed.
2.由連線代詞who, whom, whose, what, which和連線副詞when, where, why, how引導的賓語從句。這些連線代詞和連線副詞在賓語從句中充當某個成分。例如:
Do you know who ***whom*** they are waiting foe?
He asked whose handwriting was the best.
Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?
I don’t know why the train is late.
3.由if或whether引導的賓語從句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如:
I want to know if ***whether*** he lives there.
He asked me whether ***if*** I could help him.
二、賓語從句的語序
賓語從句的語序應為陳述句的語序。例如:
I hear ***that*** physics isn’t easy.
I think ***that*** you will like this school soon.
Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.
三、賓語從句的時態
1.如果主句的時態是一般現在時,賓語從句該用什麼時態就用什麼時態。
如:
I don’t think ***that*** you are right.
Please tell us where he is.
Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
2.如果主句的時態是一般過去時,賓語從句只能用相應的過去時態***一般過去時, 過去進行時, 過去將來時,過去完成時***。例如:
He asked what time it was.
He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.
He asked if you had written to Peter.
He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.
3.如果賓語從句所陳述的是客觀真理,其時態常用一般現在時。例如:
Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.
Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.
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