柏格曼

克利夫蘭(1837～1908年)

Cleveland,(Stephen) Grover

美國第二十二任（1885～1889）和第二十四任（1893～1897）總統。原在一家律師事務所當辦事員，學習法律。1859年執律師業，參加民主黨政治活動。1881年任水牛城市長，1882年任紐約州長，1884年被提名為總統候選人，經過苦戰就任總統。是1856年以來第一次上臺的民主黨總統，他堅決推行文官制度，反對實行保護關稅，這一主張成為1888年總統大選的爭論焦點，他因此以些微差距敗給共和黨的哈利生。1892年捲土重來，再次當選總統，時值美國鬧金融大恐慌，他堅決主張廢除造成國庫枯竭的「1890年雪曼收購白銀法」，為使政府掌握黃金而三次發行公債。1894年因經濟不安而發生普爾曼罷工事件。他派兵鎮壓，此舉雖得到資產階級的讚揚，卻失去了廣大勞動群眾的支援。在對外政策方面，他是孤立主義者，反對美國進行領土擴張。1895年英屬蓋亞那與委內瑞拉之間發生邊界糾紛時，在群眾和國會的壓力下，他才援用門羅主義，要求實行仲裁。到了1896年支援自由鑄造銀幣運動的人控制了民主黨，他們提名布萊安競選總統。克利夫蘭在卸任總統職位後退居新澤西州，任普林斯頓大學講師和董事。

English version：

1837～1908年

Cleveland,(Stephen) Grover

22nd and 24th president of the U.S. (1885-89,1893-97). Born in Caldwell,N.J.,he practiced law in Buffalo,N.Y.,from 1859,where he entered Democratic Party politics. As mayor of Buffalo (1881-82),he was known as a foe of corruption. As governor of New York (1883-85),he earned the hostility of Tammany Hall with his independence,but in 1884 he won the Democratic nomination for president. The first Democratic president since 1856,he supported civil-service reform and opposed high protective tariffs,which became an issue in the 1888 election,when he was narrowly defeated by Benjamin Harrison. In 1892 he was reelected by a huge popular plurality. In 1893 he attributed the U.S.'s severe economic depression to the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 and strongly urged Congress to repeal the act. The economic unrest resulted in the Pullman Strike in 1894. An isolationist,he opposed territorial expansion. In 1895 he invoked the Monroe Doctrine in the border dispute between Britain and Venezuela. By 1896 supporters of the Free Silver Movement controlled the Democratic Party,which nominated William Jennings Bryan instead of Cleveland for president. He retired to New Jersey,where he lectured at Princeton Univ.