聖經原文

波斯戰爭(前492～西元前449年)

Persian Wars，亦稱波希戰爭（Greco-Persian Wars）。

希臘諸城邦與波斯的一系列戰爭，尤指西元前490及西元前480～479年波斯對希臘的兩次入侵。西元前522年大流士一世在波斯當政後，安納托利亞的愛奧尼亞希臘諸城邦處於波斯的控制之下，他們在愛奧尼亞叛變（西元前499～西元前494）中曾起而反抗但是失敗。由於雅典曾支援叛亂，大流士以此為藉口進攻希臘本土（西元前492），但因為大部分部隊被大風暴摧毀而撤回。西元前490年他又組織一支人數眾多的部隊在雅典附近登陸，在馬拉松戰役大敗後撤退。西元前480年在薛西斯一世的率領下，波斯人再度侵略希臘以為上次的失敗雪恨。這次所有的希臘人都團結起來，由斯巴達統領陸軍，雅典統領海軍。萊奧尼達斯（Leonidas）率領的斯巴達部隊在溫泉關一役中大敗，使波斯軍隊前進到雅典，並將其洗劫一空（西元前480）。波斯艦隊在薩拉米斯戰役（Battle of Salamis）徹底失敗後，薛西斯即撤回波斯。西元前479年薛西斯的軍隊在普拉蒂亞（Plataea）戰敗，被趕出希臘，海軍在安納托利亞海岸的米克利（Mycale）也遭到同樣的命運。此後零星的戰役持續了三十年，其間雅典人成立提洛同盟發起進攻以解放愛奧尼亞諸城邦，直到西元前449年「卡利亞斯和約」（Peace of Callias）才結束戰爭。

English version：

前492～西元前449年

Persian Wars

Series of wars between Greek states and Persia,particularly two invasions of Greece by Persia (490,480-479). When Darius I came to power in Persia in 522,the Ionian Greek city-states in Anatolia were under Persian control. They rose up unsuccessfully in the Ionian revolt (499-494). The support lent by Athens provoked Darius to invade Greece (492). His fleet was destroyed in a storm. In 490 he assembled a huge army on a plain near Athens; his devastating defeat at the Battle of Marathon sent him back to Persia. In 480 the Persians under Xerxes I invaded Greece again,seeking to avenge the defeat. This time all Greece fought together,with Sparta in charge of the army and Athens of the navy. A band of Spartans under Leonidas was overcome at the Battle of Thermopylae,allowing the Persian army to reach Athens,which they sacked (480). When the Persian navy was soundly defeated at the Battle of Salamis,Xerxes withdrew it to Persia. His army was defeated at the Battle of Plataea in 479 and driven from Greece,and the navy met a similar fate at Mycale on the Anatolian coast. Sporadic fighting went on for 30 more years,during which Athens formed the Delian League to free the Ionians. The Peace of Callias (449) ended the hostilities.