說明文的幾種寫作方法
英語寫作是"聽、說、讀、寫"四項技能中較難掌握的一項,同時也是大學英語教學中最為薄弱的環節,下面是小編整理的， 希望對大家有幫助。
1.舉例法***examples***
舉例法是用具體的例子來說明我們要表達的意思，常用for example， for instance， still another example is…等詞語引出
2.羅列法***listing***
在文章開始時提出需要說明的東西和觀點，然後常用first，second，…and finally加以羅列說明。羅列法廣泛地使用於各類指導性的說明文之中
羅列法經常用下列句式展開段落，我們可以注意模仿學習：
There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And finally， …
We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，
必須指出的是，有時羅列法並不一定有明確的first， second…等詞，但文章還是以羅列論據展開的。
3.比較法***comparison and contrast***
比較法是對兩個物件進行比較，從而進行說明的寫作手法。比較法又可細分為比較相同點***comparison***和比較不同點***contrast***兩種方法，比如：
From Paragraph to Essay
Although they are different in length ***長度***， the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure ***結構***。 For example， the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence ***主題句*** or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay， the first paragraph sets up the topic focus ***主題所在*** Next， the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly， the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory ***引導的*** paragraph. Finally， a concluding sentence ***結束句*** ——whether a restatement， conclusion， or observation——ends the paragraph. The essay， too， has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions ***例外***， most well written expository ***說明文的*** paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.
可以看出，在比較相同點的時候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等這樣的詞語。
4.定義法***definition***
定義法也是英語說明文中常用的寫作手法，特別是在對具體事物概念進行說明時經常使用。定義法的基本要素是定義句。英語中常見定義句的模式是：
被定義物件is所屬類別+限制性定語
可以看出，定義句中限制性定語越詳細，定義就越精確，比如：
A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on***以……為食品***fruit and insects but is not a bird.
其實，在英—英詞典中，對英語單詞的英文解釋就是定義法的典型例子。比如，看看Longman詞典對student和teacher的定義是很有意思的：A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession ***專業***。
5.順序法***sequence of time， space and process***
順序法是指按時間、空間或過程的順序進行說明的一種寫作手法。比如按照時間順序介紹一個科學家的生平，用空間順序闡述逐漸開發西部的重要意義，用過程順序法解釋葡萄酒的生產過程等等。
6.分類法***classification***
分類法是將寫作物件進行分類說明的一種寫作手法。比如：著名的英國哲學家弗朗西斯·培根***Francis Bacon***在其膾炙人口的《談讀書》***Of Studies***一文中就用到了分類法：
Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested， that is， some books are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not curiously， and some few to be read wholly， and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy， and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments， and the meaner sort of books…
參考譯文：書有可淺嘗者，有可吞食者，少數則須咀嚼消化。換言之，有隻須讀其部分者，有隻須大體涉獵者，少數則須全讀，讀時須全神貫注，孜孜不倦。書亦可請人代讀，取其所需摘要，但只限題材較次或價值不高者……