中學生初一英語美文
經典美文可以陶冶情操,豐富想象,還可以培養學生對語言文字的興趣,有益於培養他們的英語素養。小編整理了，歡迎閱讀!
篇一
Television
Television -- the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies,marked by rapidchange and growth --is moving into a new era,an era of extraordinary sophistication andversatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution ofsorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.
The word "television", derived from its Greek ***tele: distant*** and Latin ***visio: sight*** roots, canliterally be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through asophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image***focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera*** into electronic impulses, which canbe sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver ***television set***, canthen be electronically reconstituted into that same image.
Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as wellas a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching otherhuman beings.
The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means oftransmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadcast television,whichprovides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlledtransmission techniques.
Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcasttelevision because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to whatexists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcastnetworks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, andentertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but ourperception of it as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source ofentertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.
電視
電視--以快速變化與發展為標誌的最普遍、最具有影響力的一項現代技術，正在步入一個極端複雜化與多樣化的新時代。 這個時代承諾重新塑造我們的生活和我們的世界。這可以稱得上是又一次電子革命，其關鍵在於電視技術與計算機技術的結合。"電視"這個詞來源於希臘語詞根***tele：遠***和拉丁語詞根***vision：景象***，可以從字面上理解為來自遠處的景象。 簡單說來，電視是以這種方式工作的，通過一個複雜的電子系統，電視能夠將一幅影象***這幅影象被聚焦在一部攝像機內的一塊特殊的光導底片上***轉換成能經過導線或電纜傳送出去的電子脈衝訊號。 當這些電子脈衝訊號被輸入一部接收機***電視機***時，就可以用電子學的方法把脈衝訊號重新恢復成同一幅影象。但是，電視不僅僅是一個電子系統，它還是一種表達工具和傳播渠道。 因此，電視成了一個對其他人發生影響的強大工具。電視這個領域可以根據其發射方式分為兩類。 第一類為廣播電視，通過電視訊號的寬頻無線電波發射展現在大眾面前;第二類為非廣播電視，使用受控的發射技術來滿足個人以及某些特殊利益群體的需要。電視早已成為大眾媒介。 我們熟悉廣播電視，因為廣播電視已經以類似 目前的方式存在了大約37 年。 在那些年頭中，電視絕大部分一直由ABC、NBC、CBS 這些廣播電視公司控制著，這些廣播電視公司一直是新聞、資訊和娛樂的主要提供者。 這些廣播業的巨頭實際上不僅塑造了電視，而且也塑造了我們對電視的理解。 我們漸漸把映象管看作是娛樂的來源，讓自己成為這個生動的媒介的被動觀眾。
篇二
Telecommuting
Telecommuting -- substituting the computer for the trip to the job--has been hailed as asolution to all kinds of problems related to office work.
For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts. For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizestardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility.
In some areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, Washington, local governments areencouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hourcongestion and improve air quality.
But these benefits do not come easily. Making a telecommuting program work requires carefulplanning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popularimages.
Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter. A computer programmerfrom New York City moves to the tranquil Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with heroffice via computer. A manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at home theother two. An accountant stays home to care for her sick child; she hooks up her telephonemodem connections and does office work between calls to the doctor.
These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality. Telecommuting workerssoon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child atthe same time. Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, thenecessary boundaries between work and family.Additional child support is necessary if theparent is to get any work done.
Management too must separate the myth from the reality. Although the media has paid agreat deal of attention to telecommuting in most cases it is the employee's situation, not theavailability of technology that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement.
That is partly why,despite the widespread press coverage,the number of companies withwork-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small.
電子交通
電子交通--用電腦取代上班的往返--作為對各種各樣的辦公室工作問題的解決辦法已受到了歡迎。 對工作者來說，它承諾不受辦公室的約束，更少的時間浪費在交通上和有助於解決照看小孩的矛盾。 對管理者來說，電子交通有助於挽留高效率的工作者，通過省去辦公室與家之間的來回往返，大大減少工作拖拉和曠工，給予管理者獨處的時間來完成需要高度集中精神的任務，為管理者提供靈活的時間安排。 在一些地區，如南加利福尼亞和西雅圖、華盛頓，地方政府鼓勵公司開始電子交通計劃以減少交通高峰時的塞車和提高空氣質量。
但這些益處也來之不易。 要使電子交通成功需要仔細的計劃並且理解電子交通的現實狀況和流行的想象之間的區別。 許多工作者被電子交通的美好幻想所迷惑。 一位電腦程式設計員從紐約市搬到了寧靜的阿第倫達克山，用電腦保持與她辦公室之間的聯絡。 一位經理一週三天到辦公室，其他兩天在家工作;一位會計師在家照顧她生病的孩子，接通電話調變解調器的接頭，在同醫生通話之餘完成辦公室工作。 這些是很有震撼力的情景，但也是對現實有限的反映。 電子交通者很快發現在同一時間專注工作和照看小孩幾乎是不可能的。在某個年齡之前，小孩子不可能意識到，更不可能尊重工作與家庭之間的界限。 如果家長要完成工作，就必須另外照看小孩。 管理階層必須把現實同神話分開。 雖然傳媒對電子交通投入了極大的關注，但在很大程度上，是員工的實際情況而不是技術的可能性促成電子交通的安排。 這就是為什麼儘管有廣泛的報導，具有在家工作專案或行動綱領的公司數目依然很少的部分原因。
篇三
Statistics
There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods.Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units***state and statistics come from the same Latin root status*** and a gentlemanly gambling fatherwho relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. Theinfluence of the mother on the offspring,statistics, is represented by counting,measuring,describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses -- all of which led tomodern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferentialstatistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.
Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting and describing collections of data. These datamay be quantitative such as measures of height, intelligence or grade level -- variables thatare characterized by an underlying continuum -- or the data may represent qualitativevariables, such as sex, college major or personality type. Large masses of data must generallyundergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible.Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensibleform the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.
Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems thatpresent great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problemscharacteristically involve attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. Forexample, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a largeschool system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, orwhatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it isunnecessary and inefficient to question each child: the proportion for the entire districtcould be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, thepurpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population froma knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.
統計學
統計方法的早期發展受到兩種截然不同的影響。 統計學有一個"母親"，她致力於井井有條地記錄政府機構的檔案***國家和統計學這兩個詞源於同一個拉丁語詞根，status***，還有一個有紳士般的賭博"父親"，他依靠數學來提高賭技，以便在機率的遊戲中取勝。 "母親"對其子女統計學的影響表現在計數、測量、描述、製表、歸類和人口普查。 所有這些導致了現代描述統計學的誕生。 由於"父親"的影響則產生了完全基於概率論原理的現代推理統計學。 描述統計學涉及對所收集資料的製表、製圖和描述。 這些資料可以是數量性的資料，如高度、智商、或者是層級性的資料--具有連續性的變數--或資料也可以代表性質變數，如性別、大學專業或性格型別等等。 數量龐大的資料通常必須經過概括或刪減的程式才能為人所理解。 描述統計學就是這樣一個工具，它對極其龐雜的資料進行描述、概括或刪減，使其變成能為人理解的東西。 推理統計學是一套已定形了的方法體系，它解決的是光憑人腦極難解決的另一類問題。 這類問題的顯著特點是試圖通過取樣調查來作出預測。 例如，有一位教育督察想知道在一個龐大的學校系統中，不吃早飯就上學的學生、已經做過防感冒免疫的學生，或其它任何型別的學生佔多大比例。 若具備一些統計學的知識，這位督察應明白，詢問每個孩子是沒有必要而且沒有效率的，只要用100 個孩子為樣本，他就可以相當精確地得出這些孩子佔整個學區的比例了。 因此，推理統計學的目的就是通過了解一個群體中一些樣本的特性，從而對整個群體的特性進行推測和估算。