動詞的時態語法講解及練習題
下面小編為大家帶來，歡迎大家學習
一. 概念
時態是英語謂語動詞的一種形式,表示動作發生的時間和所處的狀態.英語中的時態是通過動詞形式本身的變化來實現的.英語有16種時態,但中學階段較常用的有十種:一般現在時,一般過去時,一般將來時,過去將來時,現在進行時,過去進行時,將來進行時,過去完成時,英在完成時和現在完成進行時.
二.相關知識點精講
1.一般現在時的用法
1 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點離開家。
2 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉動。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位於中國東部。
3 表示格言或警句。例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
注意：此用法如果出現在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現在時。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實了地球是圓的。
4 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那麼多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英語寫得不錯，講的可不行。
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課。
第一句用一般現在時，用於操作演示或指導說明的示範性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。第二句中的now是進行時的標誌，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以後句用一般現在時。
2. 一般過去時的用法
1在確定的過去時間裡所發生的動作或存在的狀態。例如：時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了?
2表示在過去一段時間內，經常性或習慣性的動作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是個孩子的時候，常在馬路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那時，布朗一家無論什麼時候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。
3句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時間了" "該……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "時間已遲了" "早該……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would had rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧願某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。
4 wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等，而一般過去時表示的動作或狀態都已成為過去，現已不復存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.含義：她已不在人間。
Christine has been an invalid all her life.含義：她現在還活著
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. 含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. 含義：現在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去
注意： 用過去時表示現在，表示委婉語氣。
1動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
Did you want anything else? 您還要些什麼嗎?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。
2情態動詞 could, would。例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車，能借用一些嗎?
3.一般將來時
1 shall用於第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用於各人稱，在徵求意見時常用於第二人稱。例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點回家好嗎?
2 be going to +不定式，表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什麼呢?
b. 計劃，安排要發生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。這齣戲下月開播。
c. 有跡象要發生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏雲，快要下雨了。
3 be +不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報告。
4 be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。
注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。
4. 一般現在時表將來
1下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現在時可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點開。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什麼時候開?十分鐘後。
2以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動作正在進行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。
3在時間或條件句中。例如：
When Bill comes 不是will come, ask him to wait for me. 比爾來後，讓他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那裡，就寫信給你。
4在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間前，務必把窗戶關了。
5. 用現在進行時表示將來
下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現在進行時可以表示將來。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會在這兒呆到下週嗎?
6. 現在完成時
現在完成時用來表示之前已發生或完成的動作或狀態，其結果的影響現在還存在;也可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態。其構成：have has +過去分詞。
7. 比較一般過去時與現在完成時
1一般過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作;現在完成時為過去發生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。
2一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時間狀語。
現在完成時的時間狀語：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時間狀語。
共同的時間狀語：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態，動詞一般是延續性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. 強調看的動作發生過了
I have seen this film. 強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了
Why did you get up so early? 強調起床的動作已發生過了
Who hasn't handed in his paper? 強調有卷子未交，疑為不公平競爭
He has been in the League for three years. 在團內的狀態可延續
He has been a League member for three years. 是團員的狀態可持續
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞如yesterday, last, week, in 1960時，不能使用現在完成時，要用過去時。
錯Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
對Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
8. 用於現在完成時的句型
1It is the first / second time.... that…結構中的從句部分，用現在完成時。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。
This is the first time that I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2This is +形容詞最高階+that…結構，that 從句要用現在完成時。例如：
This is the best film that I've ever seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。
9.過去完成時
1 概念：表示過去的過去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構成是had +過去分詞構成。
那時以前 那時 現在
2 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞後的賓語從句。例如：
She said thatshe had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中，發生在先，用過去完成時;發生在後，用一般過去時。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達時，小偷們早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。
3 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學過一些英語。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛迪生開始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了，因為他到達晚會時，大部分客人已經走了。
10. 用一般過去時代替過去完成時
1 兩個動作如按順序發生，又不強調先後，或用then，and，but 等連詞時，多用一般過去時。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起來。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。
2 兩個動作相繼發生，可用一般過去時;如第一個動作需要若干時間完成，用過去完成時。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3 敘述歷史事實，可不用過去完成時，而只用一般過去時。例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.將來完成時
1 構成will have done
2 概念
a. 狀態完成：表示某事繼續到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時他們結婚將有二十年了。
b. 動作完成：表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前，已經完成的動作或獲得的經驗。例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時，你已經到達上海了
12現在進行時
現在進行時的基本用法：
a. 表示現在指說話人說話時正在發生的事情。例如：
We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。
b. 習慣進行：表示長期的或重複性的動作，說話時動作未必正在進行。例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部小說。說話時並未在寫，只處於寫作的狀態。
c. 表示漸變，這樣的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反覆發生的動作或持續存在的狀態，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。
13. 過去進行時
1概念：表示過去某時正在進行的狀態或動作。
2過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發生的背景;一個長動作延續的時候，另一個短動作發生。
3 常用的時間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟騎車時摔了下來，受了傷。
It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時，正下著雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到達山頂時，陽光燦爛。
14. 將來進行時
1 概念：表示將來某時進行的狀態或動作，或按預測將來會發生的事情。例如：
She'll be coming soon. 她會很快來的。
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 將來我一定去見他。
注意：將來進行時不用於表示"意志"，不能說 I'll be having a talk with her.
2常用的時間狀語有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此時，我正躺在海灘上呢。
15. 一般現在時代替一般將來時
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case that, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引導的時間狀語從句，條件句中，用一般現在時代替將來時。例如：
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。
16. 一般現在時代替一般過去時
1 "書上說"，"報紙上說"等。例如：
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 報紙上說明天會很冷的。
2 敘述往事，使其生動。例如：
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破崙的軍隊正在向前挺進，大戰開始了
17. 一般現在時代替現在完成時
1 有些動詞用一般現在時代替完成時，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如：
I hear = have heard he will go to London. 我聽說了他將去倫敦。
I forget =have forgotten how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。
2 用句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"。例如：
It is = has been five years since we last met. 從我們上次見面以來，五年過去了。
18. 一般現在時代替現在進行時。
在Here comes…/There goes…等句型裡，用一般現在時代替現在進行時。例如：
There goes the bell. 鈴響了。
19. 現在進行時代替將來時
1 表示即將發生的或預定中計劃好的活動。例如：
Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我們一起度週末好嗎?
We are leaving soon. 我們馬上就走。
2 漸變動詞，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬間動詞die等。例如：
He is dying. 他要死了。
20.時態一致
1 如果從句所敘述的為真理或相對不變的事實，則用現在時。例如：
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那時，人們不知道地球是動的。
He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告訴我他十八歲了。
2 賓語從句中的，助動詞ought, need, must, dare 的時態是不變的。例如：
He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他認為我不必告訴你真相。
三、練習題：
1.I will tell him as soon as he _____ back
A. come B. comes C. will come D. came
2. Mary _____ on shoes when she ____ them.
A. tries…buys B. tries… buies C. trys… buys D. trys… buies
3. The girl often ______ cold when she ______.
A. cathcs…dances B. catches… dances C. catchs…dancees D. catches… dancee
4. _____ he ____ himself there? No, I don't think so.
A. Do…enjoy B. Does… enjoies C. Does… enjoys D. Does…enjoy
5. _____ your teacher ____ from them very often? Certainly.
A. Do…hear B. Does…hear C. Do… receive D. receive
6. _____ your mother _____ some cleaning on Sundays?
A. Does…does B. Do…does C. Does…do D. Do… do
7. _____ Tom _____to work hard to help his family ? Yes, he _____.
A. Has… x…does B. Has…x…does
C. Does…has…has D. Does… have…does
8. Which teacher _____ lessons to you every day ?
A. does …gives B. does… give C. do… give D. gives
9. Smith does not go fishing on weekdays, ____? _____ , he does.
A. does he…No B. does he…Yes C. doesn't he…No D. doesn't he…Yes
10.Mr Black often _____ fishing on Sundays, _____ he ?
A. goes…doesn't B. goes…isn't
C. doesn't go…does D. doesn't go…is
11.He usually _____ TV on Sunday evening.
A. watch B. watches C. watching D. is watching
12. We'll go to play with snow if it ______ tomorrow.
A. snow B. snows C. will snow D. snowed
13. Neither I nor he ______ French.
A. speak B. doesn't speak C. speaks D. doesn't speak
14. Nobody ______ how to run this machines.
A . know B. have known C. knows D. is knowing
15. The Young Pioneer _____ water for the old man every day.
A. carry B. bring C. takes D. carries
16. Some are ______ in the river and some are ______ games.
A. swimming… playing B. swimming…plaiing
C. swimming… I playing D. swimming…plaing
17. Look ! The boy students are _____ football while the girls are _____ .
A. playing… dance B. playing… dancing
C. play… dancing D. play… dance
18. He _____ to do his lessons at eight every evening.
A. is beginning B. is beginning C. begin D. begins
19. _____ he _____ on well with his friends this term ?
A. Does…gets B. Does…get C. Is…getting D. Is…geting
20. Mr Smith _____ short stories, but he ____ a TV play these days.
A. is writing…is writing B. is writing… writes
C. writes… is writing D. writes… writes
答案：
1—5 BABDB 6—10 CDDBA 11—15 BBCCD 16—20 CBDCC