用英語說中國的春秋戰國

　　把英語融入到日常的閱讀當中，可以有效得提高英語水平。小編在此獻上用英語來了解中國的歷史文化，希望大家喜歡。

　 用英語說中國春秋戰國：The Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought 百家爭鳴

　　As an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China, the Hundred Schools of Thought 諸子百家lasted from 770 BC to 222 BC.

　　作為中國歷史上一個文化與智慧迅速擴充套件的時代，諸子百家始於公元前770年，終於公元前222年。

　　Known as the Golden Age of Chinese thought and the Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought 百家爭鳴，the period saw the rise of many different schools of thought.

　　這個時代被譽為中國思想的黃金時期和百家爭鳴的時期，它見證了不同思想學派的興起。

　　Many of the great Chinese classic texts that originated during this period have had profound influences on Chinese lifestyle and social consciousness lasting to the present day.

　　不少起源於這個時代的中國古典著作直到今日對中國人的生活方式和社會意識還有著深遠的影響。

　　The intellectual society of this era was characterized by itinerant intellectuals, who were usually employed by various state rulers as advisers on the methods of government, war, and diplomacy.

　　這個時代的知識型社會以流動的智者為特徵，這些智者被不同國家的君主任用為顧問，針對治國之道、治軍之道和外交手段提出建議。

　　Confucianism 儒家思想is the body of thought that has arguably had the most enduring effect on Chinese life.

　　儒家思想可能是對於國人生活最具有長遠影響的本體思想。

　　Also known as the School of the Scholars, its written legacy lies in the Confucian Classics, which later became the foundation of the traditional society.

　　它還被稱為學者學派，其文學遺產存在於儒家典籍中，這些典籍為傳統社會奠定了基礎。

　　The representative of this thought is Confucius 孔子，he believed that the only effective system of government necessitated prescribed relationships for each individual: “Let the ruler be a ruler and the subject a subject.”

　　這種思想的代表人物是孔子，他堅信政府唯一行之有效的體制必然是個體之間明確規定的關係：“君君，臣臣”。

　　Furthermore, he contended that a king must be virtuous in order to rule property.

　　除此之外，他主張君主以仁治國。

　　Mencius 孟子 was a Confucian disciple who made major contributions to the spread of humanism in Confucian thought, declaring that man, by nature, was inherently good.

　　孟子是孔子的弟子，他為儒家思想中人道的傳播做出了主要貢獻，宣揚“人性本善”。

　　He argued that a ruler could not govern without the people's tacit consent, and that the penalty for unpopular, despotic rule was the loss of the “mandate of heaven”.

　　他認為一位君主不可能脫離人民的默許而治理國家，而不得人心的懲罰與暴虐的管理是“天命”的缺失。

　　Another Confucian follower was Xun Zi 荀子who preached that man is innately selfish and evil,

　　孔子的另一位繼承者是荀子，宣揚“人性本惡”，

　　he asserted that goodness is attainable only through education and conduct befitting one's status.

　　他堅稱教育是唯一能夠獲得仁善的渠道，而後天的環境會影響人的仁善。

　　He also argued that the best form of government is one based on authoritarian control, and that ethics is irrelevant in the context of effective rule.

　　他還認為國家治理最好的形式應建立在專治管理之上，仁義道德與有效統治的環境沒有關係。

　　Legalism 法家思想greatly influenced the philosophical basis for the imperial form of government.

　　法家思想深刻地影響了國家管理形式的哲學基礎。

　　During the Han Dynasty, the most practical elements of Confucianism and Legalism were taken to form a sort of synthesis, marking the creation of a new form of government that would remain largely intact until the late 19th century.

　　在漢代，儒家思想和法家思想中最實用的元素被結合起來，創造了一種政府管理的新模式，這種模式一直被完整保留到19世紀末期。

　　As the second most significant stream of Chinese thought, the Zhou period also saw the development of Taoism 道家思想.

　　中國同樣見證了國學思想中第二主要的流派——道家思想的發展。

　　Its formulation is often attributed to the legendary sage Lao Zi 老子and Zhuang Zi 莊子.

　　它由傳說中的聖人老子和莊子所構建。

　　The focus of Taoism is on the individual within the natural realm rather than the individual within society;

　　道家思想的核心在於自然境界中的個人而不是社會中的個人。

　　according to Taoism, the goal of life for each individual is to seek to adjust oneself and adapt to the rhythm of the natural world, to follow the Way of the universe, to live in harmony.

　　根據道家思想，每個人的生活目標應該是調整自我來適應自然世界的節奏，順應宇宙的模式，和諧生活。

　　The school of Mohism 墨家思想was founded upon the doctrine of Mozi 墨子.

　　墨家學派是基於墨子思想而創立的。

　　Though the school did not survive through the Qin Dynasty， Mohism was seen as a major rival of Confucianism in the period of the Hundred Schools of Thought.

　　儘管這個學派在秦朝沒有得以發展，墨家思想仍被認為是百家爭鳴學派中儒家思想的主要競爭對手。

　　Its philosophy rested on the idea of universal love: Mozi believed that “all men are equal before heaven”, and that mankind should seek to imitate heaven by engaging in the practice of collective love.

　　它的理論在於“兼愛”的思想。墨子相信“人人平等”，認為人們應該通過兼愛來模仿天志。

　　His epistemology can be regarded as primitive materialist empiricism; he believed that our cognition ought to be based on our perceptions—our sensory experiences, such as sight and hearing—instead of imagination or internal logic, elements founded on our capacity for abstraction.

　　他的理論可以被看作是最原始的唯物主義。他相信我們的認知應該建立在我們的感覺，也就是我們的感官體驗例如視覺和聽覺上，而不應該建立在想象、內在聯絡或是以抽象概念為基礎的元素上。

　　In a word, the scene of “contention of a hundred schools of thought” brought forth in the Spring and Autumn Period 2 500 years ago and the Warring States Period over 2 200 years ago and the emergence of various schools of thought and their exponents such as Lao Zi and Confucius about 2400 years ago all occupy a very important position in the world history of philosophy.

　　總而言之，“百家爭鳴”的景象出現在2500年前的春秋時期和2200年前的戰國時期。2400年前，諸子百家的出現以及他們的倡導者老子和孔子都在世界哲學史的發展過程中佔據了重要地位。

　　用英語說中國春秋戰國：Political Reforms of Shang Yang 商鞅變法

　　Lord Shang Yang introduced two political reforms to the state of Qin in the Warring States Period 475—221BC.

　　戰國時期公元前475年至公元前221年，商君商鞅在秦國推行了兩次政治變革。

　　Shang Yang was born in an aristocrat family in the state of Wei.

　　商鞅生於衛國一個貴族家庭。

　　In 356BC, he was appointed governor to introduce the first political reform to reward farming and weaving, abolish hereditary privileges of the nobility and encourage farming and fighting for the country, set up a unitary administrative system down to household registration at the grass roots.

　　公元前356年，他被任命為主管推行第一次變法以獎勵農耕和編制，取消貴族的世襲特權，鼓勵農耕和為國家而戰，建立了下至基層戶口登記的一元統治體系。

　　Shang Yang carried the reform in strict terms and when the son of the king violated laws, his teacher got punished.

　　商鞅嚴格執行變法，當王子觸碰法律時，他的老師就會受到懲罰。

　　In such a way he told people to be law-abiding, and political reform achieved great success.

　　通過這樣的方式，他教會人們遵紀守法，變法也取得了很大的成功。

　　The first reform brought rapid development to the state of Qin.

　　首次變法為秦國帶來了迅速的發展。

　　Two years later, the capital was shifted to Xianyang and the second political reform was then introduced to establish the political system of county in which the State of Qin was divided into 31 counties, to abolish the nine-square system and make land private, and unify weights and measures,

　　兩年後，國都遷至咸陽，第二次變法被推行以在秦朝的31個郡縣中建立郡縣制、廢除井田制、實行土地私有制、統一度量衡。

　　thus laying the foundations for the state of Qin to become strong and eventually unify China for the first time in history.

　　這些措施為秦朝的強大和史上首次統一中國奠定了基礎。

　　用英語說中國春秋戰國：Battle of Changping 長平之戰

　　During the Warring States Period 戰國時期, the Battle of Changping 長平之戰broke out in 260 BC, which results in a decisive victory of the state of Qin 秦國over Zhao.

　　長平之戰爆發於公元前260年的戰國時期，這場戰爭以秦國決定性的戰勝趙國為結局。

　　In 257 BC, the Qin invaded the Han.

　　公元前257年，秦國侵略韓國。

　　Responding to the Han call for help，the Zhao king decided to send Lian Po 廉頗to deal with the threat.

　　收到韓國需要救援的資訊，趙國國君派出廉頗來對抗秦國。

　　The two armies met at Changping, situated in the Northern part of the Han lands.

　　兩支軍隊交戰於韓國北部之地，長平。

　　On one side was the Qin army, led by renowned General Bai Qi, on the other was the Zhao army led by Lian Po.

　　一支軍隊是由名將白起率領的秦國軍隊，另一支則是由廉頗率領的趙國軍隊。

　　Lian Po, after looking over the Qin formations, decided that the only way to stop their attack was to wait it out.

　　觀察了秦國軍隊的排布之後，廉頗決定唯一能夠阻止他們進攻的方法就是耐心等待。

　　Thus he built several fortresses and camped there, waiting for the opposing army to go away or a peace treaty to be concluded by the Han and the Qin.

　　因此，他建立了一些堡壘並在那裡安營紮寨，等待敵方軍隊離開或是兩國和解。

　　The Qin had no intention of leaving.

　　秦國軍隊沒有離開的打算。

　　They sent spies to the state of Zhao and Han, ordering them to spread the word that Lian Po was cowardly and was too old to fight battles.

　　他們向韓國和趙國派遣間諜，散佈廉頗是懦夫以及廉頗太老不能再打仗的傳言。

　　The king, upon hearing this, immediately decided to remove Lian Po and replace him with Zhao Kuo, the son of another famous Zhao general, Zhao She.

　　國君一聽，立刻棄用廉頗，命趙國另一名將趙奢的兒子，趙括出征。

　　Legend has it that on his deathbed, Zhao She told his wife never to let Zhao Kuo command an army.

　　傳說趙奢臨終之時囑咐他的妻子千萬不要讓趙括帶兵打仗。

　　So Zhao She’s wife, after hearing of Zhao Kuo's appointment as general, went up to the King of Zhao and tried to persuade him not to let Zhao Kuo command an army, along with the minister, Lin Xiangru.

　　所以趙奢的妻子一聽說趙括被任命為統帥就和另一位官員藺相如一起來到趙國國君的面前，想要勸說他不要讓趙括領兵。

　　The king turned their requests down.

　　國君拒絕了他們的請求。

　　When Zhao Kuo assumed command, he ordered the army to launch an invasion of the Qin camp.

　　趙括擔任指揮後，命令軍隊向秦軍營地發起進攻。

　　The Qin were already lying in wait for them and the Zhao forces were eventually driven up a hill, which the Qin then besieged for 40 days.

　　秦軍一直在等著趙軍發動進攻，最終趙國軍隊攀上了秦國軍隊包圍了40天的山峰。

　　At last, driven mad by hunger and thirst, the Zhao forces made a desperate change down the hill, with Zhao Kuo leading.

　　最後，由於被飢餓和口渴逼瘋，趙國軍隊在趙括的帶領下孤注一擲，闖下山頭。

　　He was shot down by Qin archers.

　　趙括死於秦軍弓箭手的箭下。

　　The troops of Zhao were routed.