艾森豪

加彭(Gabon)

正式名稱加彭共和國（Gabonese Republic）

非洲中部國家。面積267,667平方公里。人口約1,221,000（2001）。首都︰自由市。加彭約有四十多個種族，芳人人數最多，居住於奧果韋河以北，河南最大的種族是希拉人、布奴人和恩札比人。語言︰法語（官方語）和原住民語言。宗教︰基督教，主要是天主教。貨幣︰非洲金融共同體法郎（CFAF）。加彭地跨赤道，濱非洲西部海岸。有狹窄的海濱平原，南部和北部多山。主要河流奧果韋河的流域遍佈整個國家，約3/4的土地為茂密的赤道雨林所覆蓋，其中包括了許多種類的動植物。加彭蘊藏了豐富的錳礦，為世界最大的錳礦之一，還蘊藏大量高品質的鐵礦。為混合、開發中經濟，以礦物和林木資源開發為基礎。政府形式是兩院制國會。國家元首是總統，政府首腦為總理。

境內發現舊石器時代晚期和新石器時代早期的人物造品，但構成加彭部族群落的操班圖語的移民遷徙此地的時間卻不得而知。俾格米人可能是最早的居民。18世紀末芳人來到此地，接著法國、荷蘭和英國商人相繼到來。18～19世紀大部分時期的商業以奴隸販賣活動為主。隨後法國取得控制，加彭接受法屬西非政府管轄（1843～1886）。1886年法屬剛果殖民地建立，範圍包括加彭與剛果。1910年加彭為法屬赤道非洲內的一個單獨殖民地。1946年成為法國海外領地。1958年成為法蘭西共同體內的自治共和國。1960年宣佈獨立。1960年代開始建立一黨專政的體制。1980年代人民對一黨專政漸生不滿，但人民對一黨一專制普遍不滿，引起自由市於1989年發生暴亂。反對黨的合法化導致1990年舉行新選舉。1990年代，與鄰國查德的叛亂分子以及剛果共和國之間一直在進行和平談判。

English version：

Gabon

Country,central Africa. Area: 103,347 sq mi (267,667 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 1,190,000. Capital: Libreville. Gabon has more than 40 ethnic groups: the Fang make up a majority and live north of the Ogooué River; the largest groups south of the river are the Punu,Sira,and Nzebi. Languages: French (official); indigenous languages. Religion: Christianity,primarily Roman Catholicism. Currency: CFA franc. Gabon straddles the equator on the western coast of Africa. It has a narrow coastal plain and becomes hilly in the south and north. The basin of its chief river,the Ogooué,covers most of the country; about three-fourths is equatorial rain forest,which supports numerous plant and animal species. Gabon has reserves of manganese that are among the largest in the world; it also has huge deposits of high-grade iron ore. Gabon has a mixed,developing economy based largely on the exploitation of these mineral and timber resources. Its head of state is the president,and the head of government is the prime minister; the parliament consists of two houses. Artifacts dating from late Paleolithic and early Neolithic times have been found in Gabon,but it is not known when the Bantu speakers who established Gabon's ethnic composition arrived. Pygmies were probably the original inhabitants. The Fang arrived in the late 18th century and were followed by the Portuguese and by French,Dutch,and English traders. The slave trade dominated commerce in the 18th and much of the 19th century. The French then took control,and Gabon was administered (1843-86) with French West Africa. In 1886 the colony of French Congo was established to include both Gabon and the Congo; in 1910 Gabon became a separate colony within French Equatorial Africa. An overseas territory of France from 1946,it became an autonomous republic within the French Community in 1958 and declared its independence in 1960. Rule by a sole political party was established in the 1960s,but discontent with it led to riots in Libreville in 1989. Legalization of opposition parties led to new elections in 1990. Peace negotiations with neighboring Chad rebels and with the Republic of the Congo were ongoing in the 1990s.