同義轉換在雅思閱讀中的重要性
同義轉換作為一種核心考察技能,在雅思考試聽說讀寫四門當中都有著舉足輕重的位置。口語和寫作需要同義轉換體現詞彙水平及語言的多樣性。聽力原文和題目之間也必然存在同義轉換以考核學員的聽力理解能力。下面是小編為您收集整理的,供大家參考!
一、詞的轉換
詞的轉換一般指的是隻涉及單個單詞的轉換。單個單詞的轉換包括詞性轉換及同義詞轉換。其中詞性轉換是比較容易的一種,考生即便遇見不認識的單詞,也可以通過詞根詞綴進行猜測。如劍6中原文出現diabetes,考生並不熟悉糖尿病這個詞彙,但是題目中使用的是diabetic。相信考生在定位的過程中遇見這樣的轉換不會出現太大的定位困難。另,在不帶選項的Summary題型中,介於其很多題目仍然以細節為主,詞性的轉換在解題的過程中常常是一個考察的主要技能。如,
原文:Beyond this, it is also of paramount importance to recognize and understand the conventions of discourse structure, both generally and within specific subject areas.
題目要求:Complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of two words from the above paragraph to fill the spaces.
題目:To extract meaning quickly are effectively, it is also important to recognize conventional ___________ and the importance of the topic sentence and discourse markers.
這個Summary題目中的空格前的conventional 和原文當中的conventions既是一對典型的詞性轉換形式。考生即使對於conventional這個詞不熟悉也可以根據詞性轉換的原則定位到原文相關的地方,對應到相應的答案the conventions of discourse structure。根據題目要求,答案的詞數限定為兩個詞,因此答案為discourse structure。
同義詞就另當別論了。同義轉換如果以同義詞的形式出現就很考察一個考生的詞彙量了。考生如果原文或題目中有任何一個詞不明白意思的話,都很有可能造成定位不到的情況或者出現理解上的誤差。如,
原文:Understandings of word order, and the significance of changes in word order, are vital. The anticipation and recognition of common, acceptable and essential collocations clearly help the process of extracting information and meaning.
題目要求:Complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of two words from the above paragraph to fill the spaces.
題目: Word order is very important in predicting and __________ the most usual combinations.
空格要填的內容是並列結構中的一部分。考生在原文中定位到這一句的主題Word order之後,只要找到並列結構中的predicting就很容易篩選出相關答案。但是動詞的活躍性比較高。Predicting這個詞在原文當中已經進行了同義詞轉換,變成了anticipation。這個情況下,考生如果不熟悉anticipation的意思,將會比較難得出正確的答案recognizing。另外這一題的空後也涉及到了一個同義詞轉換,combination和原文的collocation。考生在備考過程中如果做錯了這樣的題目,應該注意同義詞的積累。
二、片語的轉換
片語的轉換一般情況下是同義詞轉換的一個衍生。當一個詞沒有辦法用另一個同義詞到位的解釋時,可能會出現用片語解釋的情況。另外如果本身就是片語的形式,那麼一般來講還是會用片語的形式進行解釋。如劍5當中的Text 4 Q36題目中的表述是 birds in temperate climates,而原文對應的描述是temperate-zone birds.這種情況在T/F/NG當中也有體現。絕大多數選TRUE的情況,原文和題目一定會經過同義轉換,如,
原文:Computers are gaining in popularity, despite their cost.
題目:Computers are more popular than they used to be.
原文當中的gaining in popularity題目中用more popular than they used to be作為替換。兩者在意思上市完全一致的統一轉換,所以答案為TRUE。
答案是FALSE的題目也可以通過同義轉換的比對來進行判斷,
原文:Biologically, a species becomes extinct when its last individual dies.
題目:In biological terms, a species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists.
原文當中的biologically用題目的in biological terms作為替換。Become則由is said to be作為替換。但是原文當中的die在題目中變成了exist,直接相反的意思。介於這一處沒有實現正確的統一轉換,那麼考生就可以判斷出此題是FALSE。
三、句子的轉換
雅思閱讀考試裡涉及到的句子轉換一般是指句子結構或語態的轉換或者是對原文的概括,即用一兩句話對於原文的多句話進行一個總結概括。語態變化主要是指主動語態被動語態的轉變。如,
原文:The Internet has often been criticized by the international society as a newly-emerging dangerous tool in the hands of terrorists.
題目:The international society has often criticized the Internet because it is not safe.
原文的被動語態在題目當中變成了主動的語態。單是因為題目缺少了條件狀語in the hands of terrorists,所以題目的正確答案為NOT GIVEN。
句子轉換的另一種形式是對原文的總結概括。Summary或者T/F/NG題目當中,有時候會出現原文和句子之間是總結概括關係。如,
原文:It has been proved that a rapid response leads to a great likelihood of arrest only if it is 1-2 minutes after a call is received by police. When the response time increases to 3-4 minutes, the likelihood of an arrest is substantially reduced.
題目:A delay of 1-2 minutes in response may have substantial influence on whether or not a suspected criminal is caught.
這道題目源自一片講反應速度的文章。原文中的兩句話講述的內容為,如果警察在接到電話後的1-2分鐘反應,抓住罪犯的可能性就非常大;如果3-4分鐘反應,拘捕的可能性就會降低。這樣的意思在題目當中被概括為一句話,即延後反應一到兩分鐘會降低抓住罪犯的可能性。
雅思詞彙 快餐式婚姻
認識很短的時間就閃婚了,然後又閃離。到了現在,人們對這種情況估計已經司空見慣了吧,以至於都有了“快餐式婚姻”這樣的統稱了。
Marriages in modern society are like French fries produced on restaurant assembly lines, coming and going in the twinkle of an eye. There is flash marriage and flash divorce. Young men and women may get married soon after their first date, and then file for divorce not long after the wedding. Marriage is treated like a game. Getting married and divorced is just like having a meal in a fast-food restaurant, that’s where the term “fast-food marriage” comes from.
現代人的婚姻就像快餐廳裡流水線上生產出來的薯條一樣,可以來去迅速。說穿了,就是我們平常所說 “閃婚”、 “閃離”。有好多青年男女認識不久就結婚,結婚沒幾年又離婚,把婚姻視同兒戲。結婚、離婚如吃快餐一樣快,這就是我們所說的“快餐式婚姻”。
With an increasing number of fast-food marriages, we may see fewer long-lasting marriages, like golden and silver weddings, in the future, but more broken families and lonely hearts.
隨著“快餐式婚姻”的增多,“銀婚”、“金婚”之類長久的婚姻今後可能會越來越少了。“快餐式婚姻”只會導致更多破裂的家庭和孤寂的心靈。