高一英語語法

　　高一的英語語法包含了簡單的5種基本句型，也是我們在英語寫作中時常會用到的句型。下面是小編給大家整理的的相關知識，供大家參閱!

　　：句子成分

　　一、句子成分

　　***一***句子成分的定義：構成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主語和謂語;次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語。

　　***二***主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位於句首。但在there be結構、疑問句***當主語不是疑問詞時***和倒裝句中，主語位於謂語、助動詞或情態動詞後面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：

　　During the 1990s, American country music has become mo re and more popular.***名詞*** We often speak English in class.***代詞***

　　One-third of the students in this class are girls.***數詞***

　　To swim in the river is a great pleasure.***不定式***

　　Sm oking does harm to the health.***動名詞***

　　The ri ch should help the poor.***名詞化的形容詞***

　　When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.***主語從句***

　　It is necessary to master a foreign language.***it作形式主語，真正的主語為後面的不定式***

　　***三***謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特徵和狀態。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之後。謂語的構成如下：

　　1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成。如：He practices running every morning.

　　2、複合謂語：***1***由情態動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. ***2***由系動詞加表語構成。如：We are students.

　　***四***表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特徵和狀態，它一般位於系動詞***如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等***之後。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：

　　Our teacher of English is an American.***名詞***

　　Is it yours?***代詞***

　　The weather has turned cold.***形容詞***

　　The speech is exciting.***分詞***

　　Three times seven is twenty one?***數詞***

　　His job is to teach English.***不定式***

　　His hobby***愛好***is playing football.***動名詞***

　　The machine must be out of order.***介詞短語***

　　Time is up. The class is over.***副詞***

　　The truth is that he has never been abroad.***表語從句***

　　***五***賓語：賓語表示動作的物件或承愛者，一般位於及物動詞和介詞後面。例如： They went to see an exhibition***展覽***yesterday.***名詞***

　　The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.***代詞***

　　How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.***數詞***

　　They helped the old with their housework yesterday.***名詞化形容詞***

　　He pretended not to see me.***不定式短語***

　　I enjoy listening to popular music.***動名詞短語***

　　I think***that***he is fit for his office.***賓語從句***

　　賓語種類：***1***雙賓語***間接賓語+直接賓語***，例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.

　　***2***複合賓語***賓語+賓補***，例如：They elected him their monitor.[來源:學。科。網]

　　***六***賓語補足語：英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞***如make等+賓語+賓補***。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。例如：

　　His father named him Dongming.***名詞***

　　They painted their boat white.***形容詞***

　　Let the fresh air in.***副詞***

　　You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.***不定式短語***

　　We saw her entering the room.***現在分詞***

　　We found everything in the lab in good order.***介詞短語***

　　We will soon make our city what your city is now.***從句***

　　***七***定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.***形容詞***

　　China is a developing country; America is a developed country.***分詞***

　　There are thirty women teachers is our school.***名詞***

　　His rapid progress in English made us surprised.***代詞***

　　Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.***不定式短語***

　　The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.***動名詞***

　　He is reading an article about how to learn English.***介詞短語***

　　***八***狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態特徵的句子成分，叫做狀語。可由以下形式表示：

　　Light travels most quickly.***副詞及副詞性片語***

　　He has lived in the city for ten years.***介詞短語***

　　He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.***不定式短語*** He is in the room making a model plane.***分詞短語***

　　Wait a minute.***名詞***

　　Once you begin, you must continue.***狀語從句***

　　狀語種類如下：

　　How about meeting again at six?***時間狀語***

　　Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.***原因狀語***

　　I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.***條件狀語***

　　Mr Smith lives on the third floor.***地點狀語***

　　She put the eggs into the basket with great care.***方式狀語***

　　She came in with a dictionary in her hand.***伴隨狀語***

　　In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.***目的狀語***

　　He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.***結果狀語***

　　She works very hard though she is old.***讓步狀語***

　　I am taller than he is.***比較狀語***

　　簡單句有五種基本句型，其它各種句子基本上皆由此五種句型縮略或擴充套件而成。

　　1、“主語+謂語” 句型，可簡稱為主謂結構，謂語是不及物動詞。如：

　　***1***The sun is rising. 太陽正在冉冉升起。

　　***2***Now, the meeting begins.現在會議開始。

　　2、“主語+連繫動詞+表語“句型，如：

　　***1***He and I are pretty good swimmers. 他和我都游泳遊得不錯。

　　***2***The doctors seemed very capable. 這些大夫好像都很能幹。

　　3***“主語+謂語+賓語” 句型可簡稱為主、謂、賓結構***SVO***，其謂語一般皆是及物動詞，其賓語多是直接賓語。如：

　　***1***Robbie didn’t deny the facts. 羅比不否認這些事實。

　　***2***She heard whisperings. 她聽到了一陣沙沙聲。

　　4***“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語” 句型可簡稱為主謂賓賓結構***SVOO***，其謂語須是可有雙賓語的及物動詞，即所謂的與格動詞***dative verb***，兩個賓語多一是間接賓語，一是直接賓語。如：

　　***1***We gave the baby a bath. 我們給嬰孩洗了個澡。

　　***2***Judith paid me a visit. 朱迪思來看望了我。

　　5***“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補語” 句型可簡稱為主、謂、賓、賓補結構***SVOC***，其謂語須是可有這種複合賓語的及物動詞，賓語補語與賓語一起構成複合賓語。如：

　　***1***I found this book easy. 我發現此書不難。***形容詞easy用作賓語補語***

　　***2***They held him hostage. 他們將他扣作人質。***名詞hostage用作賓語補語***

　　***3***He watched the maid come in. 他看著女傭人進來了。

　　***4***I heard him coming up the stairs slowly, as if he were carrying something heavy. 我聽見他慢慢上樓來，好像扛著什麼重的東西。

　　：定語從句

　　一.幾個基本概念

　　1.定語從句的定義：用作定語的從句叫定語從句。

　　3.定語從句的位置：緊跟先行詞***名詞或代詞***之後。

　　4.引導詞：引導定語從句的詞***包括關係代詞和關係副詞***。

　　﹙1﹚關係代詞：that/who/whom/which/as

　　﹙2﹚關係副詞：when/where/why

　　5.引導詞的位置：位於定語從句之前***先行詞之後***。【as除外】

　　6.引導詞的功能***作用***：

　　﹙1﹚連線先行詞和定語從句。

　　﹙2﹚在定語從句中充當一定的成分***關係代詞充當主語或賓語，關係副詞充當狀語***。

　　7.定語從句的型別：

　　﹙1﹚限定性定語從句***主句和定語從句之間無逗號***。

　　① 直接由引導詞引導定語從句

　　The man who you’re talking to is my friend.

　　② 由介詞+關係代詞***whom/which***引導

　　The man to whom you’re talking is my friend.

　　I need a pen with which I can write a letter.

　　=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter. ，該介詞通常可以放在關係代詞之前，也可放在從句之尾。例如： The man ***who/whom/that*** I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.

　　=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.

　　The palace ***which/that*** I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.

　　=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.

　　﹙2﹚非限定性定語從句******。

　　① 直接由引導詞引導定語從句。

　　② 由介詞+關係代詞***whom/which***引導。

　　I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree.

　　There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples.

　　This is the man to whom I gave the book.

　　③ 由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名詞/代詞”***先行詞指

　　人用whom,指物用which***引導。One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等詞、數詞、分數或百分比與of whom或of which連用。

　　He has five children, two of whom are abroad.

　　***比較：He has five children, and two of them are abroad.***

　　We have three books, none of which is/are interesting.

　　***比較：We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting.***

　　除其餘引導詞都可以，用法同限定性定語從句一樣。但要注意以下區別。

　　1.在形式上非限定性定語從句與主句有逗號隔開。

　　2.非限定性定語從句的作用：它只是補充說明先行詞的情況，翻譯時可譯成兩個句子。

　　The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.

　　***那位工程師被很快送往醫院，其腿部受了重傷***

　　The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.

　　***那位腿部受了重傷的工程師被很快送往醫院***

　　3.只能用who, 做賓語時用whom;

　　指物做主語，賓語都用which; 關係副詞用when或where，也不能省略。

　　The man, ______ is sitting on the chair, is my father. The city, _______ is far away, is very beautiful. The woman, _______ I met yesterday, is my English He went to America, ______ his parents live. teacher. He joined the Army yesterday, ______ I left, too.

　　4.whose引導非限定性定語從句：

　　The house, whose window faces south, is mine.

　　=The house, the window of which faces south, is mine.=The house, of which the window faces south, is mine.