英語必修四語法知識點
語言是文化交流的一種重要交際工具。語言的系統性反映了它具有極強的規則性,因此,英語語法學習是英語語法教學的重要組成部分,下面小編給你分享，歡迎閱讀。
考點一 主謂一致
主謂一致Subject- Verb Agreement，指”人稱”和”數方面的一致關係.如: He is going abroad.
They are playing football.
可分為:語法一致, 內容一致, 就近一致.
一 語法一致原則: 即主語為單數,謂語用單數,主語為複數,謂語也用複數. 以下為注意事項:
1. 單數主語即使後面帶有with , along with, together with, like象, but 除了,except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than而不是, including, in addition to 引導的短語, 謂語動詞仍用單數.
如: Air as well as water is matter. 空氣和水都是物質.
No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了兩個僕人外, 沒有一個人遲來用餐。
2. 用and連線的並列主語,如果主語是同一個人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語動詞用單數, 否則用複數. 如:
The poet and writer has come.那位詩人兼作家來了.一個人
A hammer and a saw are useful tools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具. 兩樣物
用and連線的成對名詞習慣上被看成是一個整體, 如:bread and butter黃油抹面包, knife and fork刀叉等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數。
3. 不定式短語, 動名詞短語, 或從句作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數. 如: Serving the people is my great happiness.
為人民服務是我最大的幸福.
When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.
我們什麼時候出去郊遊已決定了。
4. 用連線的並列主語被each, every 或no修飾時, 謂語動詞用單數.
Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳.
No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 沒有老師也沒有學生開會缺席.
Each man and each woman is asked to help. 每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙。
5. each of + 複數代詞, 謂語動詞用單數. 複數代詞+each, 謂語動詞用複數.如: Each of us has something to say. 我們每個人都有話要說。
6. 若主語中有more than one 或many a/an , 儘管從意義上看是複數, 但它的謂語動詞仍用單數。 但more+複數名詞+than one做主語時, 謂語動詞仍用複數. 如: Many a boy likes playing basketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球.
More than one student was late. 不只一個學生遲到
More persons than one come to help us. 不止一個人來幫助我們。
7. none 做主語時,謂語動詞可用單數, 也可用複數; 但在代表不可數的東西時總是看作單數,因而謂語動詞要用單數. 如:
None of us are is perfect. 人無完人。
None of this worries me. 這事一點不使我著急。
8. 名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時, 謂語動詞必須用複數. 如:
His clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現 a pair of , 謂語一般用單數.如:
A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡。
9. 形複意單名詞如:news ; 以ics 結尾的學科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics; 國名如: the United States; 報紙名如: the New Times; 書名如: Arabian Nights <天方夜談>; 以及The United Nations<聯合國> 等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數。
10. “a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語時, 謂語動詞要用單數. 如:
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意: one or two + 複數名詞作主語, 謂語動詞用複數形式, 如:
One or two places have been visited. 參觀了一兩個地點。
二 內容一致原則:
1.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分數或百分數+名詞”做主語時,謂語動詞單複數取決於連用的名詞.如:
The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行車， 今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個蘋果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了。 Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋果都是爛的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 這個蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2. 不定數量的片語, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語時, 謂語動詞的單複數取決於量詞後面名詞的數.如:
A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科書已運到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 這個蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。
3. 加減乘除用單數.如:
Fifteen minus five is ten . 15減去5等於10。
4. 表示時間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語時, 儘管是複數形式, 它們作為一個單一的概念時, 其謂語動詞用單數.如:
Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一個相當的距離。
5. 1 通常作複數的集體名詞. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作複數.如:
The British police have only very limited powers.
2 通常作不可數名詞的集體名詞. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.
3 可作單數也可作複數的集體名詞. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:
The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委員會決定解僱他。
6. the +形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用複數.如: The injured were saved after the fire.
三 就近原則
1. 由here, there, where 等引導的倒裝句中, 有時主語不止一個時謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數上一致.如:
2. 用連詞or, either.... or, neither….nor, not only….but also 等連線的並列主語, 謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數上一致。
注意: one of +複數名詞+who/that/which 引導的定語從句中, 定語從句的動詞為複數。The only one of +複數名詞+ who/that./which 引導的定語從句中，定語從句的動詞應為單數。
考點二 v-ing 的用法
定義：動名詞是動詞的一種非限定形式，兼有動詞和名詞的特徵，它可以帶賓語，也能被狀語修飾。動名詞接賓語或狀語構成動名詞短語。動名詞有時態和語態的變化。
基本形式：由動詞原形家詞尾-ing構成，與現在分詞形式相同。動名詞已經名詞化了，而現在分詞常表示動作或狀態。如：a sleeping chair 躺/睡椅動名詞，表用途 a sleeping child 正在睡覺的孩子現在分詞，表狀態
一、動名詞的句法功能
動名詞具有名詞的性質，因此在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語等。
1、 作主語
1 直接位於句首做主語。
Reading is an art. 讀書是一種藝術。
Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。
Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffering. 在這種工作條件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。
注意：動名詞做主語時，謂語動詞為單數
2用 it 作形式主語，把動名詞真實主語置於句尾作後置主語。
It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水難收
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 勸說這樣的人加入真是浪費時間。
It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上這種擁擠的車真難。
It is fun playing with children. 和孩子們一起玩真好。
這種用法在習慣句型中常用，常用句型：
It is + no use/no good/useless/senseless/fun/enjoyable/tiring/interesting/foolish/nice/a waste of time/a plessure… + v.ing
注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容詞後面不用動名詞常用不定式。
3 用於“There be”結構中。
There is no saying when he'll come.很難說他何時回來。
There is no joking about such matters. 對這種事情不是開玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 歷史的車輪不可阻擋。
常用句型：There is no + v.ing = It is impossible to do …
注意：在“There be”句型中，只能用動名詞，而不能用不定式作主語。
4 用於佈告形式的省略結構中。
No smoking =No smoking is allowed here . 禁止吸菸。
No parking. 禁止停車。
5 動名詞的複合結構作主語
當動名詞有自己的邏輯主語時，常可以在前面加上一個物主代詞或名詞所有格，構成動名詞的複合結構。動名詞的複合結構也可以在句中作主語。例如： Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 他們前來幫忙對我們來說是極大的鼓舞。
Lao Li’s going there won’t be of much help. 老李去不會有多大幫助。
2、作賓語
1作動詞的賓語
*某些動詞後出現非限定性動詞時只能用動名詞作賓語，不能用不定式。常見的此類動詞有：advise, suggest, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, delay, practise, resist, postpone推遲，deny否認, appreciate 欣賞，感激, escape, excuse, pardon, can’t stand, put off, give up等。如：
Would you mind opening the window?吧窗戶開啟好嗎?
She suggested going to the Great Wall for the spring outing. 她建議去長城春遊。 Seeing the picture, he couldn’t help laughing. 這幅畫，他禁不住大笑起來。 Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 每當馬克違反交通規則時，他常常企圖逃避罰款的處分。
*在下面這種結構中也可以用動名詞短語做賓語：find/think/consider… + it形式賓語 + no use/no good/useless… + v.ing真正賓語.
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海灘上走真是樂事。
Do you consider it any good trying again? 你認為再試一次有好處嗎?
*形容詞worth後也可接動名詞，作為複合謂語的賓語。
The music is well worth listening to more than once. 這種曲子很值得多聽幾遍。
2作介詞的賓語
*能接動名詞的短語有：think of/about, dream of/about, hear of, prevent/keep/stop…from…, depend on, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, be/get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to, be good at, do well in, be fond of, be interested in, be tired of, be afraid of, spend…in, feel like, prefer…to…, instead of, in case of等等。
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我們正考慮為下學期制定新的計劃。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我們休息呢還是開始幹活? Ann has been looking forward to coming to China for a long time. 安好久以來就盼望著來中國。
*在下面的結構中，介詞in常可省略：
1S + have + trouble/difficulty/problems/fun/a struggle/ a good time/a hard time + in +v.ing
2S + speng time/money + in +V.ing
3S + be busy + in +V.ing
4S + lose no time + in +V.ing 立即… …
We are busy in preparing for the coming sports meet. 我們正為馬上到來的運動會忙著做準備。
Do you have any difficulty in understanding spoken English? 要聽懂英語口語你有困難嗎?
3、作表語
動名詞作表語時句子主語常是表示無生命的事物的名詞或what引導的名詞性從句。表語動名詞與主語通常是對等的關係，表示主語的內容，主語、表語可互換位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任務就是擦窗戶。Cleaning the windows is your task.
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被別人嘲笑。 Being laughed at is what I hate most.
4、作定語
動名詞作定語往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途。如：
a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping
二、動名詞的複合結構
帶有邏輯主語的動名詞稱為動名詞的複合結構。當動名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時，要在動名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格，這便構成了動名詞的複合結構。其中物主代詞名詞所有格是邏輯上的主語，動名詞是邏輯上的謂語。動名詞複合結構在句中可作主語、賓語、表語等，分別相當於一個主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句。如：
Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他來幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。 =That she came to help encouraged all of us.
Jane’s being careless caused so much trouble. 簡的粗心惹來了不少麻煩。 =That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.
What’s troubling them is their not having enough food. 煩擾他們的是食物不足。 =What’s troubling them is that they have not enough food.
在口語中，如果動名詞複合結構作賓語，其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞賓格，名詞所有格常用名詞普通格來代替，但在句首作主語時不能這樣來代替。如： Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的電腦介意嗎?
The father insisted on his son’s/his son going to college. 爸爸堅決要求兒子上大學。 Mary’s 不可用Mary being ill made her mother upset. 瑪麗病了，使她媽媽很著急。
His 不可用Himsmoking made his family angry. 他抽菸使他一家人非常生氣。 例：I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.
A.you to call B.you call C.you calling D.you’re calling
Key：C;換成your calling也對
在下列情況下動名詞的邏輯主語必須用名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓語： a.無命名詞
The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 這個嬰兒被猛烈的關門聲吵醒。
b. 有生命名詞但表示泛指意義
Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你聽說過婦女練拳擊嗎? c. 兩個以上的有生命名詞並列
Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你記得你父母和我都告訴過你這事嗎?
三、動名詞的時態和語態
動名詞的時態和語態如下：
主動語態、 被動語態、
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
一時態
1、動名詞一般式：表示的動作通常是一般性動作，即不是明確地發生在過去、現在或將來的動作，或是與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時或之後發生的動作。 I hate talking with such people. 我討厭與這樣的人說話。
Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一個好習慣。
2、動名詞的完成式：表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前。
I don’t remember having met him before. 我記不得以前見過他。
Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 謝謝你費力幫忙。
He denied having taken any money from the cash register. 他否認從現金出納機裡拿了錢。
二語態
動名詞的邏輯主語同時也是動名詞動作的承受者，動名詞用被動語態。
1它的一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生，或在其後發生。如： I don’t like being laughed at in public. 在公共場合下，我不喜歡被別人嘲笑。 He came in without being asked. 沒有誰請他進來他自己進來了。
2它的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞之前。如：
I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高興你能獲得這樣的獎牌。
3在某些動詞，我們常用動名詞的一般式表示完成式，儘管動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前，這似乎是一種強大的習慣。如：
Excuse me for being late. 我來晚了請你原諒。
I don’t remember ever meeting somewhere. 我記不得原來在什麼地方見過。 Thank you for giving us so much help. 謝謝給我們這麼大的幫助。
4在多數情況下都避免使用動名詞被動語態完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子顯得累贅，尤其是在口語中。如：
I forget once being taken having been taken to the city zoo. 我曾被帶到過這個動物園，可我忘了。
四、動名詞的否定式：not + V.ing
I regret not being able to help you. 我很抱歉不能幫助你。
I apologize for not having waited for you. 沒有等你，我向你表示歉意。
五、動名詞與動詞不定式的區別：
1. 作主語或表語時：
動詞不定式和動名詞都可以用作主語，在意義上相近，但動名詞多用來表示泛指的抽象的動作或經常性的動作;不定式多用來表示特指或具體的動作，特別是將來的動作。比較：
Smoking is not good for health.
It is not good for you to smoke so much.
My job is teaching English.
Our task now is to increase food production. 我們現在的任務是增加糧食產量。
2. 在like, hate, prefer等動詞後：
如果表示一般傾向，多用動名詞做賓語;如指特定的或具體的某次行為，用不定式更多一些。
I like reading books in my spare time.
I like to read that book.
They prefer walking to cycling.
He prefers to stay at home today.
3. 有些動詞後即可用動名詞也可以不定式做賓語如like, love, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, want, need, stop, remember, forget, try, attempt等。 有時區別不大，如：
Let’s continue working/to work.
When did you begin learning/to learn English?
但有時兩種結構之間含義不同，如remember, forget, regret, try, stop, mean, go on等。
He tried speaking English to us. 他試著用英語和我們講話。
Please try to do it better next time. 下次請設法做得更好些。
This means setting out at once. 這意味著立即出發。
He really meant to come. 他確實打算來的。
4. 在表示“需要”意思的want, need, require, deserve等動詞後：當主語表事物時，其後既可用動名詞的主動式也可用不定式的被動式表被動含義。
My watch needs repairing/to be repaired.
The house wants cleaning/to be cleaned.
The way deserves mentioning/to be mentioned.
These young trees will require looking after/to be looked after carefully.
5. 在allow, permit, advise, recommend, consider, forbid等詞後，常用動名詞做賓語，用不定式做賓語補足語。
We don’t allow smoking here.
Her mother doesn’t allow her to stay up late.
注意：
Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe. 眼見為實。
六、動名詞與現在分詞的區別
1､動名詞和現在分詞都可以用於系動詞之後作表語,區別方法是:
①作表語的動名詞與主語指的是同一件事, 此時系動詞相當於“是”, 通常把主語和表語的位置互換,語法和意思不變, 例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改為Swimming is my hobby.可將原句中的主語與表語位置互換
②現在分詞作表語主要用以說明主語的性質, 不能與主語互換位置, 但可加very, quite等副詞修飾，例如:
The story is very interesting. 不可改為:Interesting is the story
③動名詞作表語時，不可與進行時態相混淆，如：
Her job is washing clothes. 動名詞做表語
She is washing clothes now. 現在進行時
2､動名詞和現在分詞都可以用作定語來修飾名詞,兩者的區別在於:
動名詞修飾名詞時主要表示該名詞的用途,而現在分詞修飾名詞時性質､狀態或動作等｡試比較: a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是“一個正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,現在分詞swimming 表示被修飾名詞boy的動作;而後者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 動名詞swimming表示suit 的用途｡