易卜生

大同盟戰爭(1689～1697年)

Grand Alliance,War of the

法國路易十四世的第三次重要戰爭，在此戰爭中，其擴張計畫遭到英國、尼德蘭聯省共和國和奧地利哈布斯堡家族所領導的同盟阻撓。掀起這場戰爭的根本原因，是波旁王室和哈布斯堡王朝敵對力量的互相抗衡。路易十四世在1680年代為了使波旁王室獲得西班牙王位的繼承權而掀起戰爭。為了對抗他，哈布斯堡皇帝利奧波德一世加入其他歐洲國家組成的奧格斯堡聯盟。雖然最後失敗了，但1690年不列顛、布蘭登堡、薩克森、巴伐利亞和西班牙都擔心路易十四世會成功，而與利奧波德一世組成大同盟。當戰爭在歐洲和海外殖民地（包括美洲）爆發時（參閱King William's War），路易十四世發現他的軍隊準備不足，在海戰中遭到嚴重的挫敗。1695年路易十四世展開祕密和平談判，後來簽訂「賴斯韋克條約」（1697）。然而此條約並未解決法國波旁王朝統治者和哈布斯堡家族間及英法之間的衝突。四年後，這些衝突在西班牙王位繼承戰爭中重新升高。

English version：

1689～1697年

Grand Alliance,War of the

Third major war of Louis XIV of France,in which his expansionist plans were blocked by an alliance led by Britain,the United Provinces of the Netherlands,and the Austrian Habsburgs. The deeper issue underlying the war was the rivalry between the Bourbon and Habsburg dynasties. Louis launched a campaign in the 1680s to position the Bourbons for future succession to the Spanish throne. To oppose him,the Habsburg emperor Leopold I joined other European nations in the League of Augsburg. The league proved ineffective,but in 1690 Britain,Brandenburg,Saxony,Bavaria,and Spain,alarmed at Louis's successes,joined with Leopold to form the Grand Alliance. As war broke out in Europe and in overseas colonies,including America (see King William's War),Louis found his military inadequately prepared,and France suffered heavy naval losses. In 1695 Louis started secret peace negotiations,which culminated in the Treaty of Rijswijk (1697). The underlying conflict between the Habsburg and Bourbon rulers and English-French conflicts remained unresolved and resurfaced four years later in the War of the Spanish Succession.