布封英文簡介

　　布封，十八世紀法國博物學家、作家，他用畢生精力經營皇家花園，下面是小編給大家整理的，供大家參閱!

　　布封簡介

　　Cloth is a famous writer and naturalist of the eighteenth century. Cloth was born in the city of Bangladesh, a lawyer family, formerly known as George Louis Luke Laike, due to inheritance, change the name of Germany cloth. Juvenile love natural science, especially mathematics.

　　1728 years after graduating from university law, but also learned two years of medicine. In 1730, met a young British Duke, traveled together in southern France, Switzerland and Italy. In the Duke of the tutor, the German scholar Hinkman under the influence of hard study of natural history.

　　In 1733, he joined the French Academy of Sciences as an assistant researcher, published a report on the forest, also translated the British scholar of the botany and Newton's "calculus." In 1739, when he became an associate researcher and was appointed to the Royal Imperial Garden and the Imperial Explorer, until the death. In addition to the expansion of the Royal Garden, but also the establishment of the "French garden and museum research room correspondent" organization, attracting many well-known experts at home and abroad, scholars and travelers, collected a large number of moving, planting, mineral Samples and specimens. Buffon used this superior condition, devoted himself to the study of natural history, buried every day, forty years as one day, and finally wrote thirty-six masterpiece "natural history". This is a museum, including the history of the earth, human history, animal history, animal history, history of birds and mineral history of several major parts, the combination of countless facts of the material, the nature of the precise, detailed and scientific description and explanation Many valuable ideas. Breaking away from religious superstition and ignorance, and expelling God from the interpretation of the universe, which is a great contribution to Boucher's modern science.

　　He insists on explaining the formation of the earth and the origins of mankind from the point of view of materialism, pointing out that there are many similarities between the earth and the sun, the earth is a small sun that is cooled; the material evolution on earth produces plants and animals, and finally humans; Evolution is not as the Bible "Genesis" said, the ancestors of human Adam, Eve steal the forbidden fruit had wisdom, but in social practice to obtain knowledge, increased talent.

　　Bofeng observation, study the earth, mountains, rivers and oceans, to seek the root causes of ground change, opened a precedent of modern geology. In particular, in terms of the origin of species, he advocates the theory of biological transformation, pointing out that the species due to environmental, climate, nutrition and variation, the subsequent evolution has a direct impact. Darwin called him "the first person to treat this problem with modern science" ***"origin of species"***.

　　"Natural history" of the literary value is also high, which describes the form of animal activity is particularly artistic. The author based on the scientific observation, with the image of the language to outline a variety of animal portraits, but also through the anthropomorphic approach, to a certain extent, reflects the anti-feudal democratic ideological tendencies. In 1749, the first three volumes of "Natural History" were published, which sparked the academic circles of Europe. Because of its use of the materialist point of view to explain the origin of the world, theological fortress of the University of Paris, the alchemist accused of "deviant", asked to give "religious sanctions." Cloth was forced to write to the seminary to declare himself "unintentionally" refute the Bible and pledge to publish the letter in volume at the beginning of the fourth edition of Natural History.

　　Later in his "natural history", in order to mask the theologian's eyes and ears, often carrying the name of God. But quietly said to the people: "as long as the name replaced, put on the natural force became". In fact still insist on his materialist position. "Natural History" of the book published in succession, continue to bring a greater reputation to Buffon. In 1753, he was elected to the French Academy. At the time of admission, the famous speech "on style", is a classic literary theory. He called on the literary style of the pursuit of beautiful and delicate fashion, called on the article to be words, approachable, put forward the "style that is" famous words, emphasizing the ideological content of the decisive role in the form of art.

　　In 1777, the French government in the Royal Garden to set up a statue of his seat, with Latin words: "dedicated to nature and the great genius." This is the highest honor received before the cloth closures. The main book "Natural History" is a collection of natural history, including the "Earth's history" "animal history" "human history" "bird history" "reptile history" "natural staging" Nature makes a materialist explanation. He is based on a large number of physical specimens for inference, against the "authority" of the hypothesis, put forward a lot of valuable ideas for the later scientists lead the way. There is no place of God in the universe he explains, and the master of the universe is not God but man. Man is the center of nature and decides everything around him.

　　As a scientist, cloth cover quite slander, as a writer, but by the universal praise. He wrote the "natural history", the pen is rich in feelings, which "natural stage" is an epic, his lion, tiger, leopard, wolf, dog, fox hunting, beaver embankment, with the image of the language For the description of people, lively, still loved by the people. In a speech at the admission ceremony of the French Academy, the author argues that a writer must write his own thoughts into immortal words and can not be plundered by others. Thinking is a public property, and writing ***that is, style*** belongs to the writer himself, science in the continuous progress, scientific argument must be more than the new research results, and the article style is the descendants can not be replaced.

　　In French, what is commonly referred to as "the man of the people" or "the man of the text" is the "history of French literature" that is derived from the famous "style is personal" Of the "natural history" and famous. Bourgeois literary historians according to temperament, character and other secondary reasons, the Bougain as the enlightenment writer "very different" "free from the 18th century" writer.

　　However, from the clothism advocated materialism cosmology, rethinking the content of literary thought, and belong to the humanistic tradition of social and political ideals, he and the 18th century Enlightenment is fully in tune. Although his work in the natural sciences in his own way, but his contribution into the Enlightenment trend of the spirit of this era of the mainstream. His "natural history", with its basic materialism and great size, and Diderot editor of the "encyclopedia" have some similar, of course, its fighting is far from the "encyclopedia" compared.

　　He was singing with a warm voice: with his wisdom, many animals were domesticated, managed, subdued, forced to obey him forever; with his labor, the swamp was dug and the river was healed The harbor was developed, the forest was developed, the wilderness was cultivated; with his thought, the time was calculated, the space was measured, the celestial body was seen through; with his science out of the technology, the ocean was crossed, The mountains were crossed, and the distance between the people was shortened, and a new continent was found, and thousands of thousands of isolated land were placed in his mastery; in short, the whole face of the earth was marked with manpower

　　The reason why nature can be fully developed, we can gradually achieve what we see today, so perfect, so brilliant, are entirely with our hands. This kind of warm praise, reflecting the emerging bourgeoisie active spirit. "Natural history" in the literary value and high artistic, is the description of animals. Cloth is not a completely objective attitude to introduce these animals, but with a cordial feeling, with the image of the language for their portraits, and thus describe the vivid and concrete, with interest.

　　In his pen, small squirrels docile cute, elephant mild and honest, pigeons and friends love each other. Buffon also tends to anthropomorphize the animals, giving them a certain personality, like heroic martyrs, dogs are loyal servants, are praised by the cloth; woodpecker as hard labor as hard to get the author's sympathy; The beaver had a peaceful coexistence, no struggle, and his longing; he likened the wolf to a brutal and cowardly "tyrant" tyrant, who portrayed the swan as a peaceful, enlightened monarch. Clothing through the bourgeois theory of human nature, the anthropomorphic animal, reflecting his social and political views, showing his dissatisfaction with feudal despotism politics, sustenance of his "enlightened monarch" historical idealism ideal. His animal portrait has the meaning of allegory, and it infiltrates the bourgeois position and view.

　　布封作品

　　"horse"

　　The most noble conquest of mankind, which has been conquered by mankind, conquers this bold and sworn animal - the horse: it shares the labor of the battle and shares the glory of battle; it is as fearless as its master The spirit of it, looking at the current crisis and generosity; it is used to the sound of weapons fighting, love it, the pursuit of it, with the owner of the same excitement inspired; it also and the owner of joy: in the shooting, , In the race, it is also full of energy, swagger. But it is not as good as courageous, it does not succeed in their own strong, it knows the restraint of its action: it not only in the control of men's hands under his manipulation, but also as if peeping to control the color of people, it is always in accordance with the From the owner's expression of the impression and the Pentium, and slow, and stop, it's all the actions are only to meet the owner's desire. This is a kind of self-sacrifice from the human animal, it will even cater to the wishes of others, it uses the action of agile and accurate to express and implement the will of others, people want it to feel how much it can feel how much It does not refuse any mission, so it does all its power to serve the people, it must go beyond their own strength, and even give up Life in order to obey better.

　　Above is a horse that has been developed for all, it is a horse whose natural quality has been artificially improved. It is a child who has been raised since childhood and trained and trained for people. Its education begins with the loss of freedom and ends with the bondage. The slavery or domestication of such animals is too common and long, so that when we see them, it is rarely in the natural state. They are often in the work of the saddle bridle; people never lift their fetters, even when the rest; if people occasionally let them walk freely on the ranch, they are always with a symbol of slavery, and But also often with labor and pain to give the cruel traces: the mouth was changed by the pole iron Le, the abdomen left a road of the devastated or spurs scraping a scar, the hoofs are also nails pierced. They are all the body of the posture are unnatural, it is used to the fetters and leave the signs: now even if their fetters are also in vain, they will no longer seem to be more lively. The heavens and the wretched horses, those who only for the generous, spectacular and feeding, dedicated to the horse, those who are not for the decoration of their own, but it is to meet the owner of the vanity and wearing a gold chain of the horse , Their amount is covered with a handful of bright hair, the iguan made into a braid, covered with silk and Jin Felt, all of this insult Ma, compared to their feet at the foot of the fire there is no more than The

　　Natural is more beautiful than artificial; in an animal, the freedom of action constitutes a beautiful natural. You look at the horses that reproduce freely and freely in all parts of South America: they walk, they are Mercedes-Benz, they are lifted, neither bound nor restrained; they feel proud of their freedom, and they avoid They are able to look for their own food; they are free to wander around the vast expanse of grassland, bounce, eat the four seasons are the spring of the continuous supply of fresh products; they have no shelter, There is no shade in addition to the clear sky, so they breathe fresh air, and the air is much more pure than the air that we have compressed their space and confined them. Mustang is much stronger than the majority of the horse, light and lucky. They have the beauty given by nature, that is, there is plenty of energy and noble spirit, and all the family are only artificial can give the things, that is, skills and Yan Mei only.

　　The nature of this animal is not ferocious, they are only heroic and wild wild. Although the strength is on top of most animals, they never attack other animals; if they are attacked by other animals, they do not bother to fight against each other, just drive them away or put them to death. They are also in droves and the line, they are gathered together, purely for the joy of gregarious. Because they are fearless, the original do not need to unite the insult, but they are attached to each other, reluctantly. Because the vegetation is enough for their food, because they have enough things to meet their appetite, and because they are not interested in animal meat, so they never fight against other animals, and never fight each other, do not compete with each other to survive Resources. They never happen to chase a little beast or rob the same thing to the same thing, and this kind of thing is the other carnivores are usually the source of mutual struggle: so the horse is always living in peace, the reason is their Desire is both trivial and simple, and there is enough living resources so that they do not need to be jealous of each other.

　　In the middle of all the animals, the horse is tall and the body parts are also the most well-proportioned, the most beautiful; because, if we take it and it is higher than the level or lower than the animals, found the donkey long It is too ugly, the lion's head is too big, the legs are too thin and too short, and its thick body is not commensurate, the camel is deformed, and the largest animals, such as rhinoceros, like, can be said that only some unformed meat group. The jawbone is too long. This is the main point of the animal's head, which is different from the human head. It is also the most humble sign of all the animals. However, although the horse's jaw is long, it does not have a fool, The kind of stay. On the contrary, its head is neat, but it gives it a light look, and this look happens to coincide with the beauty of the neck. Ma looked up, as if you want to go beyond the status of its four-legged beast. In such a noble posture, it looked at each other face to face. Its eyes are shining, and the eyes are very frank; its ears are well, and is not small, unlike the ears are too short, the ear is too long; it is just facing the hair of its hair, decorated with Its neck, giving it a strong and bold appearance; its drooping and lush tail covered with a beautiful end of its body end: the tail and deer, like the short tail, donkey, camel, Rhinoceros and other baldies are very different, it is dense and long mane composition, as if these manes directly from the ass grow out, because the mane that is a small man's man is very short. It can not tilt the tail like a lion, but its tail is hanging, but it is very suitable. Because it can swing on both sides of the tail, it effectively uses the tail to drive the flies, these flies make it distressed, because its skin is very solid, and full of thick hair, but still very sensitive.

　　"Squirrel"

　　Squirrel is a beautiful little animal, well-behaved, tame, very pleasing. Although they sometimes capture birds, but not carnivores, eat almonds, hazelnut, beech and palm. They are handsome, eyes sparkling, healthy, limb brisk, very agile, very alert. Exquisite little face, lining a cap Ying-shaped beautiful tail, it is particularly beautiful. The tail is always tilted up, has been Alice to the head, his hiding under the tail of the cooler. They are often sitting upright, like people with their hands, with their paws to the mouth to send something to eat. It can be said that the squirrel is not like the four feet of the beast.

　　Squirrels do not hide under the ground, often in high places, like birds, like living on the top of the tree, run in the woods, jump from the tree to the tree. They are in the tree to do the nest, pick fruit, dew, only the tree was too much wind, and only to the ground. It is seldom seen squirrel in plain area. They are not close to the people of the house, do not stay in the grove, just like living in the tall old trees. On a clear summer night, you can hear the squirrels shouting and chasing each other in the trees. They seem to be afraid of strong sunlight, during the day hiding in the nest cool, run out at night, play, eat.

　　Squirrel's nest is usually placed in the branch branches of the place, and clean and warm. They take the nest when the first to move some small pieces of wood, mixed with together, and then some moss moss up, and then squeeze the moss, tread, is that the building is spacious enough, solid enough. In this way, they can live with children, both comfortable and safe. Wukou up, the end is positive, very narrow, barely accessible Wound has a conical cover, the whole nest covered up, rain when the rain to the surrounding flow, will not fall in the nest.

　　Squirrels are usually born with three or four births. The small squirrel's hair is grayish brown, after the winter on the hair, the new hair for the hair off the hair color deeper. They comb the hair of the body with claws and teeth, and they are always drenched and clean.