蔡元培英文簡介
蔡元培，是革命家、教育家、政治家。民主進步人士，國民黨中央執委、國民政府委員兼監察院院長。下面是小編給大家整理的，供大家參閱!
蔡元培簡介
***Now Zhejiang Shaoxing*** people, the origin of Zhejiang Zhuji, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, Revolutionaries, educators, politicians. Democratic Progressive People, the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee, the National Government and the Director of the Supervision Office. The first president of the Republic of China Education, 1916 to 1927 as the president of Peking University, innovation Peking University "academic" and "free" style; 1920 to 1930, Cai Yuanpei also served as president of Sino-French University. He participated in the struggle against imperialism in his early years, and in the early years of the Republic, he presided over the development of the first decree of modern Chinese higher education - the "university order".
During the Northern Expedition, after the National Government laid the capital of Nanjing, he presided over the Education Administration Committee, set up the Republic of China Graduate School and the Central Research Institute, leading education and academic system reform. 1927 to participate in the launch of "protect the country to save the party movement" that should be clear but against the murder of the party. 1928 to 1940 full-time director of the Central Research Institute, to carry out the idea of academic research. Cai Yuanpei went to Germany and France to study abroad, study, study philosophy, literature, aesthetics, psychology and cultural history, for his commitment to reform feudal education to lay the ideological and theoretical basis. In 1933, Cai Yuanpei initiated the creation of the National Central Museum, and personally served as the first session of the Council. March 5, 1940 died in Hong Kong. Buried the Chinese cemetery at the top of Aberdeen.
蔡元培人物生平
January 11, 1868, Tongzhi Ding Mao was born on December 17 in Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province, Shanyin County.
In 1871, Tongzhi Xin was ten years old Cai Yuanpei into the private school.
In 1878, Guangxu Wuyin four years, Cai Yuanpei 11 years old, his father Cai Guangpu died due to illness.
In 1879, Guangxu five years 12 years old, sojourn to the aunt's home reading. In 1880, Guangxu six years Cai Yuanpei 13 years old by the aunt's home to the teacher's school. In 1884, Guangxu a ten years Cai Yuanpei 17 years old, the scholar. In 1885, Guangxu eleven years Cai Yuanpei 18 years old, set up teaching.
In 1889, Guangxu ugly fifteen years Cai Yuanpei 22 years old when the lifts. In the same year married his first wife Wang Zhao. In 1890, Guangxu sixteen years, Cai Yuanpei 23 years old, Beijing will try to become a Gong Shi, no palace test.
In 1892, Guangxu eighteen years Cai Yuanpei 25 years old, by the palace test Jinshi, was ordered for the Imperial Academy Shu Ji Shi. Temple test results for the thirty-four ***equivalent to the national examination of the thirty-seventh***, the content is "Tibet's geographical location."
In 1894, Guangxu Jiawu twenty years Cai Yuanpei 27 years old, the spring should be scattered museum test, was awarded the Imperial Academy editing. In this year, the Sino-Japanese War broke out, began to contact Western learning, sympathy and innovation. September 1898 back to Shaoxing, Ren Shaoxing Chinese and Western school supervision, to promote new school.
In 1900, Boxer twenty-six years Cai Yuanpei 33 years old, because of his wife by feudal thinking constraints, the feelings between them has been in the state of no matter, and when he gradually accepted the new Western ideas, they began to rethink feminism The definition of, so write the "husband and wife convention" to re-adjust the relationship with his wife Wang Zhao.
In the summer of 1901, Xin ugly twenty-seven years, Cai Yuanpei 34 years old, to the Shanghai agent Chengxue school ***now Shanghai Cheng Cheng senior high school*** principals, that is, the first president. In 1901 September, was hired as Nanyang public economics special science class total teaching. January 1, 1902, Ren Yin twenty-eight years, Cai Yuanpei in Hangzhou with his past students Ms. Huang Zhongyu held his second wedding in his life.
In 1902, Cai Yuanpei 35 years old, with Jiang Zhi and so on in Shanghai founded China Education Association and served as president, founder of patriotic society, patriotic school, have been pushed as prime minister. In 1903, seventy-nine years, the activities of the Patriotic Society caused the Qing government alert, ordered the investigation. Cai Yuanpei was removed from Qingdao, Japan, Shaoxing, Shanghai and other places, on the one hand learning German, ready to study abroad to escape the limelight, on the one hand still engaged in education and revolutionary activities.
In 1903, Cai Yuanpei to resist the Russian government coveted the territory of northern China, and Shanghai anti-revolutionaries to the Russian comrades in the name of the Office of the "Russian news" ***later changed "alarm daily"***. In 1904, when he was thirty years old, he established a meeting in Shanghai.
In 1905, when he was thirty-three years old at the age of 38, the alliance was established and the reunification was incorporated. Sun Yat-sen appointed Cai Yuanpei as head of the Shanghai Branch of the League.
In May 1907, when he was thirty-three years old, he traveled to Berlin, Germany with the help of Sun Pei-ki, Germany, and lectured and studied psychology, aesthetics and philosophy at the University of Leipzig. Side of the study, one side Professor Tang Shaoyi ***after the first cabinet of the Republic of China Prime Minister*** 4 nephew of the Chinese teachers, nearly ten years of Cai Yuanpei began four years of overseas study life. In Germany 4 years, he edited the "history of Chinese ethics" and a number of academic books.
In early November 1911, Xuantong three years Xinhai years, the outbreak of the Revolution, in Chen Qimei to electricity under the urging, Cai Yuanpei Siberian return.
January 4, 1912, the first year of the Republic of China, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China was established in Nanjing, he became president of the Provisional Government Education in Nanjing. The Ministry of Education under the Cai Yuanpei to the public to solicit the possible national anthem, and later promulgated the Provisional National Anthem of the Republic of China, by Shen Enfu lyrics, Shen Peng's compilation of the national anthem, the song "five flag song" ***the Republic of China national anthem***. [3-4]
January 19, 1912, the first year of the Republic, he promulgated the "Interim Measures for General Education", and presided over the development of the "University Order" and "secondary school order", which is China's first university and secondary school order, he stressed that The middle school and the university built into a sound national school. He served as the chief of education of the Provisional Government of Nanjing, advocated the use of Western education system, abolished the study of Confucianism, the implementation of reform measures such as men and women, and established the bourgeois democratic education system in China. After the failure of the second revolution, with relatives to go to France, and Li Shi was founded in France to work hard to learn.
In February 1912, Lu Xun was invited to the Ministry of Education. In July 1912, Cai Yuanpei resigned because he was reluctant to cooperate with the Yuan Shikai government. In 1913, the two years Cai Yuanpei 46 years old, once again went to France to engage in academic research, in Europe for three years, and compiled a lot of philosophy and aesthetics.
June 1915, the Republic of China four years, Cai Yuanpei 48 years old, he and Li Shizeng, Wu Yuzhang and other organizations to promote law and education in France, work in France advocacy work, hope to help organizations to help more Chinese to Europe, later Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping And so are through the help of this organization after the smooth study in France.
In the summer of 1916, Li Yuanhong's Beijing government finally regained the "temporary law" of the early years of the Republic of China. Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing, among others, returned a large number of exiled revolutionaries, and some members of Zhejiang nationality also teleported to Cai Yuanpei , That is to be elected when he is the governor of Zhejiang Province.
November 8, 1916, Cai Yuanpei and Wu Yuzhang by boat from Marseille to return to Shanghai. December 26, 1916, was appointed as president of Peking University. Support the new culture movement, promote academic research, advocate "freedom of thought, compatible", the implementation of professors to teach school. "May Fourth" campaign to support students patriotic action, multi-rescue students arrested. January 9, 1917, Cai Yuanpei served as president of Peking University's speech, the students put forward three requirements: one said hold the purpose, the second said the virtue of virtue, three respect teachers, will "hold the purpose" in the first place.
In 1917, Cai Yuanpei hired "New Youth" editor Chen Duxiu as liberal arts seniors, and hired Li Dazhao, Hu Shi, Qian Xuantong and other "new" characters in Peking University teaching, the use of "freedom of thought, compatible package" school policy, the implementation of " System, to promote academic democracy, to support the new culture movement.
In the same year, Cai Yuanpei invited the famous philosopher Liang Shuming to Peking University to teach Indian philosophy; Xu Beihong invited Cai Yuanpei invited from Tokyo, Japan back to Beijing, Ren Peking University painting instructor.
In July 1917, Hu Shi from the United States to return home, when Hu Shi did not get a doctorate in Columbia University, but Cai Yuanpei Hu in order to enter the Peking University to help them forging their qualifications.
July 3, 1917, Cai Yuanpei in Peking University issued a warm speech inaugural speech is not scattered, to Li Yuanhong President resigned, wording euphemism, but the cause of depression, that is to protest Zhang Xun restoration.
In October 1917, the Republic of China six years, Cai Yuanpei 50 years old, presided over the Ministry of Education held a meeting of representatives of the institutions of higher learning in Beijing to discuss the revision of university procedures, Peking University liberal arts credit system, the adoption of the election system, the meeting decided to decide In the North trial. Peking University election system provides a lesson every week, finished a year for a unit, the undergraduate should be covered with 80 units, half compulsory, half of elective ***science to reduce the discretion***, repair can be graduated, informal age; matriculation should be covered with 40 Units, compulsory accounted for three quarters, elective accounted for a quarter. Elective subjects can be crossed.
In 1918, he made it clear that "the institution of the university is a purely scholarly institution, and it can not be regarded as a place of qualification, nor as a place of trafficking." When a scholar is interested in research, The personality. "
May 22, 1918, Cai Yuanpei for the "Sino-Japanese armed defense agreement" against the government in disguise, but also to the President of the resignation.
November 16, 1918, the Republic of China Cai Yuanpei 51 years old, "a war" just ended, organized in front of Tiananmen Square to celebrate the publication of the title entitled "labor sacred" speech, clearly put forward to "understand the value of labor", and Shouting the slogan of "labor holy".
In 1919, Cai Yuanpei abolished the branch in Peking University, changed the original division of the department for the department, the establishment of 14 departments, waste long, set up the Department. The original text, management, law were renamed the first three, two, three homes, only as the Department of the region where the signs ***due to the original three branches in different regions***, does not mean an organization.
May 8, 1919, after the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement, Cai Yuanpei to protest against the government arrested students, submitted on May 8 resignation. And leave Beijing on the 9th. May 13, 1919, the school principals of the school in Beijing to resign to the government, support Cai Yuanpei.
June 15, 1919, in his "do not want to serve as president of the University of Beijing," said: "I absolutely can not be free of the university president: freedom of thought, is a general example of the world university. Tried to retain, Cai Yuanpei promised only the headmaster of Peking University teachers and students.
In early 1920, Cai Yuanpei and Li Shizeng, Wu Jingheng, the use of Boxer indemnity, founded the Sino-French University in Beijing. Cai Yuanpei appointed principals. In February 1920, Cai Yuanpei ordered to allow Wang Lan, Xi Zhen, check Xiaoyuan three girls into the Beijing University liberal arts auditorium, when the fall of the formal recruitment of girls, open the Chinese public universities to recruit girls precedent.
In 1920 May, Cai Yuanpei appointed geologist Li Siguang as a professor of geology at Peking University, invited the famous writer Shafei returned to Peking University professor of literature, in August, employed Lu Xun as a lecturer at Peking University. At the end of 1920, Peking University was sent to visit Europe. And the Mayor of Lyon, Herriot of France, and Lepine, Dean of the University of Lyon, co-founded the Lyon Association of Chinese and French Studies, and decided to set up a Sino-French university in Lyon.
In the spring of 1923, dissatisfied Peiyang government education chief Peng Yunyi destruction of the legal system behavior, proposed resignation, leaving the south. Autumn went to Europe, engaged in research and writings, and involved in the request of Britain, France and other countries to return to pay homage to raise educational matters. In January 1924, at the first national congress of the Kuomintang, nominated by Sun Yat-sen, elected as alternate central watchdog. Returned at the beginning of 1926. In Shanghai to participate in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces association, with the Northern Expedition, planning three provinces autonomous movement, was Sun Chuanfang wanted.
Since 1927, the Nanjing National Government as president of the University, the Minister of Justice and the supervision of the President and other staff. On March 28, 1927, Cai Yuanpei was the chairman of the meeting of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang Central Committee and expressed his sympathy with the Communist Party of China on the impeachment of the Communist Party of China. He advocated "the elimination of the Communists in the Kuomintang party." On April 2, Cai Yuanpei once again served as chairman, Cai Yuanpei again with Wu Zhihui on the impeachment of the Communist Party's statement, and took out the "Communist Party of the party evidence and the Communist Party in the report of the party." During the first two years after the establishment of the Kuomintang Nanjing government, Cai Yuanpei still stood on the side of Chiang Kai-shek politically and supported the "clear".
But unlike others, in the process of implementing the Party, he does not support indiscriminate killing, but rather that it would include such political pressure in a more regulated rule of law, that is, agree with the party but against murder. In the early days of the Qing Dynasty, Cai Yuanpei had made severe criticism of the human rights of the Zhejiang Qing Party Committee and asked that the three principles must be implemented in the Qing dynasty and that the Communists and the revolutionary youth who had been arrested by the Kuomintang were rescued. In order to discourage the Nanjing Kuomintang authorities to kill the act, Cai Yuanpei has specially written to advise the Kuomintang authorities to inherit Sun Yat-sen's noble personality, to serve the people, to stop killing.
After a period of time, Cai Yuanpei mainly focus on the formation of the Central Research Institute, he served as president of the Central Research Institute, began to focus on the national culture of national culture and science and technology, and have resigned from other duties. "Nine one eight" after the incident advocated anti-Japanese, support the Kuomintang cooperation. In 1932, and Soong Ching Ling, Lu Xun initiated the organization of the Chinese civil rights protection alliance, and actively carry out anti-Japanese patriotic movement. Had to save Yang Kaihui martyrs, rescue Xu Deheng and other patriotic democrats, rescue Ding Ling, Zhu Yiquan and other Communist Party members.
In 1933, Cai Yuanpei proposed to create the National Central Museum ***now Nanjing Museum predecessor***, and personally served as the first session of the Council. March 5, 1940, died in Hong Kong. Cai Yuanpei after the death of the major domestic parties and groups as well as dignitaries have to call condolences.
蔡元培學術理論
His education model is novel, eclectic, that education is the fundamental prosperity of the country, is the foundation of the country rich and powerful. Educational ideas flexible, compatible with the package, not because of academic disputes and exclusion, widely absorbed each director. "Educators, who develop the personality of the business." He advocated education should focus on students, against rigid rigid. He also advocated aesthetic education, health education, personality education and other new educational concepts.
Cai Yuanpei that: education in the community, there are two basic functions: one in the lead, the so-called "education to guide the community, rather than social society"; two in the service, "is the school to develop a talent, "Or" is the student or education on the one hand to learn, on the one hand the effectiveness of society ".
Freedom of thought and compatibility
Cai Yuanpei generous, compassionate, Chinese society and vulgar customs have a thorough observation; twice travel to Europe, pro-Jing Ren Ren Ren after the scientific spirit and the French Revolution after the ideological trend. He advocated civil rights and feminism, advocated free thinking, and tried to eradicate the old customs of "reading official", open scientific research atmosphere, attach importance to civic moral education and incidental world outlook, outlook on life and aesthetic education.
Liang Shuming once said that Cai Yuanpei from the ideological and academic for the people to open a new trend, breaking the old customs, to promote the overall situation of politics, which is very correct. It is precisely because of Mr. Tsai's compatibility, freedom of thought, making the new culture has a foothold, making Peking University to become the new cultural movement of the fortress, scientific and democratic ideas to spread. Therefore, in this sense, Cai Yuanpei is not only the founder of modern Peking University, but also the concept of modern Chinese university and the founder of the spirit.
As a pioneer of modern Chinese culture, Cai Yuanpei's famous cultural thought and academic point of view have had an important influence on China's historical process. Cai Yuanpei, the president of Peking University, put forward the "compatible package" of academic thought, not only he presided over the important guiding ideology of Peking University education, but also he insisted on the principle of running a school. After this idea was put forward, a group of representatives with new culture and new ideas entered Peking University, and Peking University became the highest institution of Chinese thought and academic prosperity. Therefore, the "compatible package" thought has played a positive role in accepting new culture and opposing feudal culture.
Ethnological Studies
Mr. Cai Yuanpei's contribution to education and aesthetics is obvious to all, but his contribution to ethnology is little known. Cai Yuanpei said in his own chronology, one of his dreams is to write a "comparative ethnology", "to study the ethnology of the old."
Cai Yuanpei went to Beijing Palace test, in the relevant topics of Tibet, he elaborated in Tibet, "the vast territory, mountains and rivers."
In 1901 Cai Yuanpei in the "school of teaching theory," said: "The previous history only remember the emperor things, do not remember the people's livelihood, so that the number of strong and weak ups and downs, the final can not be."
From 1908 to 1911, he studied philosophy, literature, civilization and ethnology at the University of Leipzig in Germany.
In August 1924 to attend the 21st National Congress of the International Society. November 1924 to February 1926 in Hamburg, Germany specializing in ethnology.
From 1926 to 1934 Cai Yuanpei published "Articles of Ethnology", "Ethnology and Sociology", "Ethnological Evolution" and other articles.
At the time of the establishment of the Central Research Institute in 1927, Cai Yuanpei hoped to set up an ethnological research institute, but because of limited manpower and material resources, this hope failed to achieve.
In 1928 the Institute of Social Sciences was established, Cai Yuanpei in the Institute of the addition of ethnology group, pro-head and researcher. The following studies were carried out in the ethnology group.
Investigation and Study on Lingyun Yao People in
Investigation and Research on Gaoshan Nationality in Taiwan
Investigation and Research on the Hezhe Nationality in the Lower Reaches of Songhua River
A Study on the Knot and the Original Text of the Nation in the World
Chinese Translation of Foreign Nationality
Collection of Research Data of Ethnic Minorities in Southwest China
Independent education
"Education independence" as a kind of thought, germination in the "May Fourth" before the development flourished in the 20th century, 20 years. As a result of warlord warfare, economic depression, the Northern government does not attach importance to education, the state budget in the proportion of education is very low, such as the 1920 budget before the state budget funds only about 1.2%. Only this limited amount of budgetary funds is often invaded and misappropriated, nor can it be in place, leading to uneven spending on education, education is caught in a difficult degree.
Cai Yuanpei has always regarded education as the basic way to save the country, respected the idea, academic freedom, as the president of Peking University, the government bureaucratic constraints, devastating education has deep feelings, it is an independent advocate and supporters of education, and theoretically To guide. In March 1922, he published the article "Education Independence" in "New Education", which clarified the basic viewpoints and methods of educational independence and became an important chapter in the independent educational thought.
He argues that the opposition between political parties and education is:
① education to balance the development of human personality and group, the party is not, it should cause a special group, for the party services, obliterate the personality of the educated.
② education is seeking far away, focusing on the future, the effect can not be shown in the short term, so talk about "a hundred years tree people." While the party is seeking work, often only consider the immediate interests.
③ In the political background of political parties, the regime is changing among the parties, and the political education of the political parties will inevitably affect the stability of the education policy and affect the effectiveness of education. So he believes that education should go beyond the factions.
In order to realize the real independence of education, Cai Yuanpei designed the independent measures of educational funding, educational administration independence and education independent of religion. Among them, the scheme of educational administration independence is divided into several university districts, one university in each district, The area of higher specialized education, primary and secondary education, social education, cultural and academic matters are organized by the university organization. The affairs of the university are presided over by the Board of Education, and the principal is elected by the Board of Education. The headmasters of the university districts form a higher education conference to deal with the affairs of the university sections. The Ministry of Education is only responsible for dealing with the affairs of the Higher Education Conference and the relationship with the central government affairs, and education statistics reports, do not interfere with the university district affairs, education chiefs must be recognized by the Higher Education Conference. This idea has become the framework of the Nanjing National Government early implementation of the "university system" framework. [twenty four]
On the Nature of the University
Cai Yuanpei that the university should become a study of advanced learning institutions, which is Cai Yuanpei school of guiding ideology, but also his university education thinking starting point. As early as May 16, 1912, he attended the opening ceremony of Peking University as the chief of education. In his speech, he put forward "University for the study of noble knowledge." After serving as president of Peking University. He is repeatedly stated this idea. On January 9, 1917, in his speech as the principal, he clearly stated to the students that "the king will come to this school, and there will be a purpose, and the purpose of the will of the king will be known to the nature of the university. School, learn to serve, this potential is inevitable, while in the university is not, the university, the study of senior learners also ".
He also suggested that the university can not just engage in teaching, but also must carry out scientific research. He asked the university faculty not to instill fixed knowledge, but to have a strong interest in learning, and can cause students to study interest; college students are not rote lectures, but under the guidance of teachers in the automatic research. In order to enable universities to assume the teaching and research dual task, he strongly advocated "where the university must have a variety of scientific research institute." He in the "on the University should set up the Institute of the reasons," the article, detailing the three reasons:
First, "no university research institute, the teacher is easy to fall into the handout do not seek progress for the bad habits."
Second, the establishment of the Institute, for college graduates to create conditions for further study.
The third is to enable university senior students to be under the guidance of the instructor, have the opportunity to engage in scientific research.
Five props
Cai Yuanpei is the first educational thinker who puts forward the education of "national education, realism education, civic moral education, world view education and aesthetic education education." It is a remarkable thought that Cai Yuanpei's educational thought is Features.
Set the background
After the victory of the Revolution of 1911, the Provisional Government of Nanjing was just set up. To make the reform of feudal education in the bourgeoisie be carried out in depth and health, it is urgent to define the educational purpose of reflecting the demands of the bourgeoisie as soon as possible under the guidance of unified educational ideas to define the goals and demands of the bourgeoisie for personnel training, Only in such a situation, in February 1912 Cai Yuanpei published the famous educational essay "for the new education of the views" more systematically put forward the idea of five education.
Army National Education
***A*** from the foreign environment, China is in the "strong neighbors, the urgent plan of self-defense, and the loss of state power over the years, not by force, difficult to recover."
***2*** In the case of the domestic situation, it is necessary to break the situation of the military becoming a "special class in the whole country" and to "
Realistic education
Realistic education is considered by Cai Yuanpei as a means of rich countries, and he believes that competition in the world is not just in force, especially in financial resources. Therefore, strengthen science and technology education, improve productivity, develop the national economy, the country can survive in the world competition.
Civic moral education
He contrasts the morality of freedom, equality and fraternity of the western modern bourgeoisie to the "righteousness, forgiveness and benevolence" advocated by ancient Chinese Confucianism. He advocated the extensive absorption of foreign culture, and "must be absorbed by the digestion and absorption", and "must be" I "food and of the, and not for each other assimilation," he criticized some weak volunteers, one to Study abroad, "to abandon its" I "and assimilate outsiders.
Education of worldview
World view education is based on the world divided into the phenomenal world and the real world of the ideal world view, based on people to follow the principles of freedom of thought, freedom of speech, do not be bound by a doctrine of thought, at the time with a break thousands of years The Emancipation of Ideological Autocracy.
Aesthetic education
Aesthetic education is the most important way to educate the world, and the bridge from the phenomenal world to the physical world. The importance of aesthetic education comes from its characteristics, people from the phenomenon of the world to the physical world there are two obstacles, one is the difference between people, the second is the camp of happiness.