初中英語句子成分知識詳解

  英語句子與漢語句子一樣,不同的詞類在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此,只有搞清不同詞類在句中可充當哪些成分,才能理解句子的含義,逐漸達到流利地說出地道的英語。下面試小編整理了,希望對你有所幫助。

  【問】什麼是句子成分?英語句子包含哪些成分?

  【答】組成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。它包括:主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語和賓語補足語等。

  【問】各成分在句中的作用如何?分別由哪些詞及短語充當?

  【答】

  1.主語:是句子要說明的人或事物,是句子的主體,一般由名詞、代詞、數詞、不定式或動名詞等充當。如:

  The car is running fast.***名詞***

  We are students.***代詞***

  One of my classmates is from Shanghai.***數詞***

  It's bad manners to spit in public.***不定式***


  Eating too much is bad for your health.***動名詞***

  【注意】若不定式短語作主語常用it作形式主語,而把真正的主語***不定式短語***放在句後。

  2.謂語:說明主語的動作或狀態,也是句子的主體部分,一般由動詞充當。動詞分為實義動詞、連繫動詞、情態動詞和助動詞。實義動詞單獨作謂語,連繫動詞與表語一起構成謂語,情態動詞與省略to的不定式構成合成謂語,助動詞與動詞原形共同構成謂語部分。如:

  He works in a factory.***實義動詞***

  I felt cold.***系動詞+表語***

  How can I get to the station?***情態動詞+實義動詞***

  Do you speak English?***助動詞+實義動詞***

  They are working in a field.***助動詞+實義動詞***

  【注意】謂語與主語在人稱與數方面要相互照應。

  3.賓語:是及物動詞所涉及的物件,一般由名詞、代詞、不定式及動名詞等充當。如:

  He is doing his homework.***名詞***

  They did nothing this morning.***代詞***

  She wants to go home.***不定式***

  We enjoy playing football.***動名詞***

  【注意】①有的動詞可接雙賓語,間接賓語指人,直接賓語指物。這類動詞常見的有:give,buy,lend,pass, tell,leave等。如:

  He bought me a book.

  Pass me the ball,will you?***間賓+直賓***

  直接賓語一般放在間接賓語之後,但若把直接賓語放在前面,則要在間接賓語前加適當的介詞如to或 for等。如:

  Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.***直賓+間賓***

  Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.***直賓+間賓***

  ②有的動詞常用不定式作賓語,而不能用動名詞。這類動詞有:want,wish, hope,promise,decide,agree, choose,care等。如:

  I hope to see you again.

  ③有的動詞一般只用動名詞作賓語,而不用不定式。這類動詞有:enjoy,finish,mind,practise,miss, suggest,keep***on***等。如:

  Do you mind my opening the window?

  ④有的動詞後接不定式與動名詞含義不同。

  a***forget to do表示“未發生的動作”,forget doing表示“已完成的動作”。如:

  Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.***還沒來***

  I forgot returning the book to him.***書已還給他了***

  b***stop to do***不定式為狀語***表示“停下

  原來的事,去做另一件事”,stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如:

  I stopped to talk with him.***我停下來與他談話。***

  The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.***老師進來時學生們停止談話。***

  4.定語:用於修飾名詞或代詞,一般由形容詞、名詞、數詞、不定式等充當。如:

  What a beautiful kite it is!***形容詞***

  She is a chemistry teacher.***名詞***

  There are two students in the classroom.***數詞***

  We have something to do tomorrow.***不定式***

  The man in blue is my brother.***介詞短語***

  【注意】定語一般位於被修飾詞之前,但若修飾不定代詞或不定式等短語作定語,則放在後面。

  5.狀語:用於修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句,一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式短語或從句充當。單個副詞作狀語一般放在被修飾詞之前,短語或從句放在句首或句末。如:

  Thank you very much.***副詞***

  I get up at five in the morning.***介詞短語***

  He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.***不定式短語***

  We were having breakfast when the telephone rang.***從句***

  【注意】enough作狀語只能放在被修飾詞之後。如:

  He is old enough to go to school.

  6.表語:用於說明主語的身份、特徵或感受,一般由名詞、數詞、形容詞、分詞等充當。常用的連繫動詞有:be,look,get,sound***聽起來***,feel,become, smell,turn,taste***嚐起來***等。如:

  They are workers.***名詞***

  Two and three is five.***數詞***

  The story is very interesting.***形容詞***

  M y job***工作***is teaching English.***動名詞***

  She is at home.***介詞短語***

  I feel terrible.***形容詞***

  The dish tastes delicious.***形容詞***

  7.賓語補足語:用於補充說明賓語的動作,一般位於賓語之後,賓語與賓語補足語一起構成複合賓語。需接複合賓語的動詞有:tell,let,help,teach, ask,see,have,order,make等。“賓補”一般由不定式短語、分詞、名詞、形容詞等充當。如:

  We elected him monitor.***名詞***

  I found it difficult to learn English well.***形容詞***

  The doctor told me to do more exercise.***不定式短語***

  He is going to have his hair cut.***過去分詞***

  They saw a bird flying in the sky.***現在分詞***