高中英語語法總結範文精選
總結，可以把零散的、膚淺的感性認識上升為系統、深刻的理性認識，從而得出科學的結論，以便發揚成績、克服缺點、吸取經驗教訓，使今後的工作少走彎路、多出成果。下面就是小編給大家帶來的，希望能幫助到大家!
一：時態和語態
一. 動詞的時態
時態是謂語動詞所表示的動作或情況發生時間的各種形式。英語動詞有16種時態，但是常用的只有9種：一般現在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現在進行時、過去進行時、現在完成時、過去進行時、過去將來時，現在完成進行時。下面分別進行介紹。
1. 一般現在時的用法
1*** 表示經常性，習慣性的動作;表示現在的狀態、特徵或真理而不表示具體的特定行為。
句子中常用often，usually，every day等時間狀語。例如： He goes to school every day。***經常性動作*** He is very happy.***現在的狀態*** The earth moves around the sun.〈真理〉
2*** 在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，用一般現在時態的形式表示將來。
If you come this afternoon，we'll have a meeting. When I graduate，I'll go to the countryside.
3*** 有時這個時態表示按計劃，規定要發生的動作，***句中都帶有時間狀語***但限於少數動詞如begin，come，leave，go，arrive, start，stop，return，open，close等。 The meeting begins at seven.
The train starts at nine in the morning. 在時。例如：
I like English very much.
2. 一般過去時的用法
4*** 表示狀態和感覺的動詞，如be，like，hate.think, remember, find，sound等常用一般現
The story sounds very interesting.
1*** 表示過去某時間發生的事、存在的狀態或過去反覆發生的動作。
He saw Mr. Wang yesterday.
I used to smoke. He worked in a factory in 1988. During the vacation I would swim in the sea. 2*** 表示過去經常發生的動作，也可用“used to”和“would+動詞原形”。例如：
注意：used to表示過去常發生而現在不再發生的動作或存在的狀態。另外“to be used to+名詞***動名詞***”表示“習慣於„„’’。例如：
I am used to the climate here. He is used to swimming in winter.
3. 一般將來時的用法
一般將來時表示將來的動作或狀態。其表達形式除了“will或shall + 動詞原形”外，還有以下幾種形式。
1*** ―to be going to+動詞原形‖，表示即將發生的或最近打算進行的事。例如： It is going to rain. We are going to have a meeting today.
2*** go, come, start, move, leave, arrive, stay等可用進行時態表示按計劃即將發生的動作。
I’m leaving for Beijing. Next week I’m staying in the country for days.
The boy is to go to school tomorrow. 3*** ―be to + 動詞原形‖表示按計劃要發生的事或徵求對方意見。 Are we to go on with this work ?
跟時間狀語。例如：
We are about to leave. I’m about to start out. He gets off at the next stop. 5*** 某些詞，如come，go，leave，arrive，start，get，stay等的一般現在時也可表示將來。 The meeting starts at five o'clock.
4. 現在進行時
1*** 現在進行時表示現在正在進行的動作，由“to be + 現在分詞”構成，另外“系動詞十
介詞或副詞”也表示進行時的意義。例如：
What are you doing? The bridge is under construction.
2*** 表示感覺，願望和狀態的某些動詞如：have, be, hear, see, like等詞一般不用進行時。
3*** 非持續性動詞一般不用進行時態，但當用於進行時態時所表達的意義是：a*** 逐漸地。 b***
反覆進行的動作。例如：
a*** I’m beginning to understand it. ***我慢慢開始明白了。***
b*** The monkey is jumping up and down there. ***那隻猴子在那一直上上下下跳個不停。***
4*** 有的句子用一般現在時態和進行時態均可，但用進行時態往往帶有感情色彩。比較：
The Changjiang River flows to the east. ***長江向東流。 客觀現實***
The Changjiang River is flowing to the east. ***長江滾滾東流。 讚歎***
Tom often lies to our teachers. ***“湯姆經常對老師撒謊。”表湯姆的習慣***
Tom is always lying to our teacher. ***“湯姆老是對老師撒謊。”表說話者厭惡的態度***
5. 過去進行時的用法
1*** 過去進行時表示過去某一時刻、某一階段正進行的動作，由“was***were***十 現在分詞”
構成。例如： In 1980 he was studying in a university. He was reading a novel when I came in.
4*** ―be about to+動詞原形‖ 表示即刻發生的動作，意為：be ready to do sth.後面一般不
2*** 用一般過去時態和過去進行時態有行為完成與否的差別。比較：
Yesterday my sister wrote a letter. ***寫了一封信***
Yesterday my sister was writing a letter. ***這封信或許還沒有寫完***
6. 現在完成時的用法
現在完成時由“have+過去分詞”構成。其使用有兩種情況：
1*** 現在完成時所表示的動作在說話之前已完成，而對現在有影響。句中沒有具體時間狀語。
He has gone to Wuhan.***說話人認為他不在該地*** He has been to Wuhan.***說話人認為他在該地***
表示一段時間的狀語或so far，now，today，this week***month，year***等表示包括現在 時間在內的狀語。例如： He has studied English for 5 years.
He has studied English since 1985.
Now I have finished the work.
注意：表示短暫時間動作的詞，如：come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成時不能與for，since等表示一段時間的詞連用。
3*** 現在完成時還可用在時間和條件狀語從句中，表示將來某時完成的動作。例如：
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped snowing in the morning，we'll go to the park.
7. 過去完成時的用法
1*** 過去完成時由“had+過去分詞”構成。過去完成時的動詞表示過去某一時刻或某一動
作之前完成的動作狀態。句中常用by，before，until，when等詞引導的時間狀語。例如：
By the end of last year we had bui1t five new houses. I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
或持續下去。例如：
Before he slept，he had worked for 12 hours.
8. 過去將來時的用法
過去將來時表示從過去的某時間看來將要發生的動作或存在的狀態。過去將來時由“should或would + 動詞原形”構成。第一人稱用should，其他人稱用would。例如：
They were sure that they would succeed.
9. 現在完成進行時的用法
現在完成進行時由“have***has***+ been+現在分詞”構成，表示現在以前一直在進行的動作。有些詞，如work，study，live，teach等用現在完成進行時與用現在完成時意思差不多。例如： I have worked here for three years.
I have been working here for three years.
但多數動詞在這兩種時態中表示不同意思。例如：
I have written a letter.***己寫完***
I have been wring a letter.***還在寫***
注意：表示短暫動作的動詞，如finish，marry，get up，come，go等不能用這種時態。
2*** 現在完成時所表示的動作開始於過去，持續到現在，也許還會持續下去。常用for和since
2*** 過去完成時的動詞還可表示過去某一時刻之前發生的動作或狀態持續到過去某個時間
二. 動詞的語態
1. 當句子的主語是動作的執行者時，謂語的形式叫主動語態。當句子的主語是動作的承受者時，
謂語要用被動語態。被動語態由助動詞be+過去分詞構成，時態通過be表現出來。例如：
1*** 一般現在時：You are required to do this.
2*** 一般過去時：The story was told by her.
3*** —般將來時：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
4*** 現在進行時：The road is being widened.
5*** 過去進行時：The new tool was being made.
6*** 現在完成時：The novel has been read.
7*** 過去完成時：He said that the work had been finished.
8*** 過去將來時：He said that the trees would be planted soon.
2. 一些特殊的被動語態結構：
1*** 帶情態動詞的被動結構：
The problem must be solved soon.
2*** 帶不定式的被動結構：
The room is going to be painted. The homework needs to be done with care.
例l***The baby is looked after carefully.
用於這類被動結構的短語動詞要把它們作為整體看待，即要把它們看作單字及物動詞。
這類結構有以下幾種：
a*** ***不及物***動詞+介詞：agree to，ask for，call for，laugh at，listen to，look after，
operate on，send for，talk about.think of等。
b*** ***及物***動詞+副詞：bring about，carry out，find out，give up，
hand in， make out， pass on， point out， put away， put off， take up, think over，
turn down，turn out，wipe out，work out等。
c*** 動詞+副詞+介詞：do away with，face up to，give in to，look down upon, make up for,
put up with等。
例2***They will be taken ***good*** care of.
Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.
用於這類被動結構的短語動詞最多見的是“動詞+名詞+介詞”這一結構。如：catch sight of，keep an eye on，make use of，make a fool of，pay attention to， put an end to，set fire / light to， take care of, take hold of，take notice of等。
例2*** 與例1*** 的不同點在於，它們用於被動態時能有兩種形式。第一種形式是把“動詞十名詞+介詞”作為整體看待。第二種形式是把其中的“動詞+名詞”作為“動詞+賓語”的結構處理。
4*** 帶複合賓語的動詞在改為被動語態時，一般把主動結構中的賓語改成主語，賓語補足語保留在謂語後面。例如：
We always keep the classroom clean. ***比較：The classroom is always kept clean.***
3*** 短語動詞的被動結構：
5*** 漢語有一類句子不出現主語，在英語中一般可用被動結構表示，例如：
據說„„ 希望„„ 據推測說„„ It is said that„ It is hoped that„ It is supposed that„ It must be admitted that„ It must be pointed out that„ It is well known that„ It will be said that„ It is generally considered that„
It is believed that„ 必須承認„„ 必須指出„„ 眾所周知„„ 有人會說„„ 大家認為„„ 有人相信„„
3. 表示被動含義的主動動詞
1*** 系動詞沒有被動形式,但有些系動詞常表示被動意義。常見的有look, taste, sound, smell,
prove, feel等, 例如:
Your reason sounds reasonable.? The door won’t open. The book sells well.? Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. It can’t move. These clothes wash easily. The dust has blown into the house. 2*** 一些與can’t或won’t連用的動詞。 常用的有: lock, shut, open, act等, 例如: 3*** 一些與well, easily, perfectly等連用的動詞, 如: sell, wash, clean, burn, cook等, 例如: 4*** 用在 ―主語 + 不及物動詞 + 主語補語‖ 句型中的一些不及物動詞, 例如: This material has worn thin.?
4. 表示被動含義的主動結構
1*** 在動名詞結構中
be worth, want ***=need***, need, require後所用的動名詞, 必須用主動結構表被動意義。
These young seedlings will require / need looking after ***= need to be looked after*** carefully. Your hair wants / needs cutting ***needs to be cut***.
a*** 作定語:不定式結構常表示動賓關係, 即用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。這種情
形最常出現在 ―There + be + 主語 + 修飾主語的不定式‖ 和 ―及物動詞 + 賓語 ***或雙賓語*** + 修飾賓語的不定式‖ 結構中, 特別是 ―主語 + have + 賓語 + 修飾賓語的不定式‖ 結構中。
Give him some books to read.? He has a family to support. There is a lot of work to do. 當然, 這裡的不定式在個別情形下也可用被動形式, 含義區別不大,例如: There is so much work to do / to be done. Give me the names of the people to contact / to be contacted.
是應用主動形式表示被動含義。適合於此結構的形容詞比較多, 最常用的有amusing, cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, important, nice, pleasant等, 例如:
That question is difficult to answer.? Chicken’s legs are nice to eat.
2*** 在不定式結構中 b*** 在―主語 + be + 形容詞 + 不定式‖句型中, 有時主語是不定式結構的邏輯賓語, 這在be to結構中的一些不定式:這種結構中的不定式通常應用主動表主動, 被動表被
動。然而,由於古英語的影響, 下列動詞仍用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義:
Who is to blame for starting the fire? The house is to let. A lot remains to do.
3*** 在特殊結構中
a*** ―be + under +名詞‖ 結構:這種結構表示某事 ―在進行中‖。例如: The building is under construction.?
The whole matter is under discussion ***= is being discussed***.
經常這樣用的名詞還有repair ***修理***, treatment ***治療***, question ***質問***等。
b*** ―be worthy of +名詞‖結構: 在這一結構中, 名詞和句子的主語有被動含義, 如: a man worthy of support nothing worthy of praise
此結構後通常用表示行為的名詞, 而不用動名詞的被動形式。
二：句子的種類
一. 簡單句
一個簡單句裡只有一個主謂結構***有時可能會有並列的主語或謂語***，而謂語又一定是需要限定動詞的，因此，通過對限定動詞的識別，可以幫助我們判斷一個句子是不是簡單句，找出其基本結構中缺少或多餘的成分。請看以下例句：
I saw him walking to the office this morning and looking eager to get there and start work. ***saw 是限定動詞;walking，looking，to get，start都是非限定性動詞，即非謂語動詞。***
While cutting trees，one man was nearly killed by a falling tree. ***was是限定動詞;cutting，killed，falling是非限定動詞。***
You can either stay here or come with us.
***stay，come都是非限定動詞;can是情態動詞，can stay or come作謂語。***
二. 並列句
1. 並列連詞及其使用
1*** 常用的並列連詞***或稱等立連詞***有：and，or，but，for，not only...but***also***，either...or，
nether...nor，both...and.
2*** 除for以外的並列連詞都可以用來連線一個單句裡的兩個並列成分，例如：
Jenny and I are good friends。 We run，jump and shout for joy together.
***當有兩個以上的並列成分時，一般只在最後兩者之間用連詞。***
We go for a walk or watch TV after supper.。
The bike is quite old but in excellent condition.
Either your answer or mine is wrong.
3*** 除both...and以外的並列連詞還可用來連線兩個簡單句***或稱並列分句***，構成並列句。
She was often late and everybody knew，but no one asked why.
The old lady doesn't go out in the winter， for she feels the cold a great deal.
Not only is the teacher himself interested h the subject but a11 his students are beginning to show an interest in it.
2. 連線並列分句的其它手段
1*** when/where偶爾也可作並列連詞;如：
I was walking down the street when I remembered that I had forgotten my umbrella.***when = and then***
Last night I went to the theatre where I saw Tom's parents，***where = and there*** The tongue is not steel，yet it cuts.
I’m busy today，so can you come tomorrow?
Go into the cave，then they won't see you.
It may be possible or not;however，we shall understand.
I’ve never been to Berlin;therefore I don't know much about it. 2*** 副詞yet，的和then可以連線並列分句：
3*** 還可用分號“;”。如： 3. 並列分句的排列順序 必須考慮各分句之間的邏輯關係及其時間上的先後順序，具體情況具體分析。 1*** 有些並列的分句可以相互顛倒，並不影響所表達的句意，如： Everyone was in the classroom and the doors were closed.
***=The doors were c1osed and everyone was in the classroom.***
2*** 多數並列句裡的分句不能相互顛倒。如：
Most of us were in the classroom，the doors were closed and the late comers had to wait Outside.
***為說明門關之後，遲到者只好在外等著，後兩個分句的順序不能顛倒。***
We were coming to see you，but it rained***so we didn’t***。
***考慮到兩個分句所談事實的時間先後與邏輯關係，它們的位置不能顛倒。***
三. 複合句
1. 複合句由一個主句和一個***或一個以上的***從句組成。用來連線從句的連詞是從屬連詞。從句附屬於主句的方式有三種：
1*** 相當另一個句子裡的某個名詞或名詞片語的作用，作名詞從句。
Everyone could see the truth / ***that*** it was true.
2*** 修飾句子裡的某個名詞或代詞，作定語從句。如：
I often see My old friends / my school friends who were at school with me.
3*** 相當另一個句子裡的某個狀語的作用，作狀語從句。如：
I met your brother ten years ago / when I came to this school. 2. 兩類連詞的區分與使用 並列連詞與從屬連詞的作用不同，注意不可混用。如：
不能說：*Although I was good at maths，but I was never given full marks.***although與but不能連用***
應說：Although I was good at maths，***yet***I was never given full marks.
或： I was good at maths，but/yet I was never given full marks.
不能說：*Unless you work harder，or you will fail to pass the test.***unless與or不能連用***
應說：Unless you work harder，you will fail to pass the test.
或：Work harder/you must work harder, or you will fail to pass the test.
四. 陳述句的肯定與否定
1. not及其它否定詞的使用
1*** 否定句一般可以由否定詞not及必要的助詞來構成，例如：
These exercises are not difficult.
I don't like sweets.
2*** 除not以外，還有以下這些否定詞，也能構成否定句：
a*** never，hardly，seldom一類含否定意義的副詞。如：
I have not / never / hardly ***ever***/ seldom spoken to Mr. George.
I have not said anything to anybody about it.
I have spoken to nobody / no one about it.
I have said nothing to anybody about it.
I haven't any money / I have no money.
I haven't any./ I have none.
c*** neither和nor，主要在以下句式中：
---I haven't spoken to Mr. George.
---Neither/Nor have I.
當用作連詞時，neither要在nor之前。如：
Neither Bob nor I broke the window. We neither want nor need any help from you, thank you. b*** no，none以及其它由no-構成的複合詞***nothing，nobody，no one，nowhere等***。
2. 肯定變否定時的其它相應變化
肯定與否定句的區別，除了看有無否定詞之外，還可能體現在其它方面，試比較： I have found some mistakes already.
I haven't found any yet?***some >>> any;already >>> yet***
I have found some mistakes，too.
I haven't found any either.***too >>> either***
五. 疑問句
1. 否定問句
1*** 否定問句可由否定句變來，例如：
He doesn't eat meat.
I haven't seen him.
結構相當正規，如：
Does he not eat meat?***不能說 *Does not he...?***
Have you not seen him?***不能說 *Have not you...?***
3*** 否定問句的回答要“前後如一”，不可受漢語影響犯以下這類錯誤：
— Doesn't he eat meat?
一Yes，he does. /No，he doesn't.
***不能說 Yes，he doesn't./No，he does.***
2. 反意疑問句的一般構成
1*** 反意疑問句的一般構成是：肯定陳述，否定尾句;否定陳述，肯定尾句。要注意反問尾
句中的助詞***或系動詞、情態動詞等***與人稱代詞應與陳述部分中的語法動詞與主語取
得一致。例如：
Jane is your cousin，isn’t she? There is no doubt，is there?
We need to ask first，don’t we? We needn’t ask first，need we?
2*** 要注意陳述部分主語後面的縮寫形式 's或 'd的真實意義，以決定尾句應該選用的助動
詞或系動詞等。如：
He’s never met you before，has he? ***He's=He has***
He’s going to tell you the truth，isn't he?***He's=He is***
You'd better go， hadn't you? ***you'd =you had***
You'd rather stay， wouldn't you?***you'd =you would***
3*** 要注意“否定陳述+肯定尾句”的回答必須前後一致。
You seldom go swimming in the morning，do you?
Yes，I do，/No，I don't.
3. 比較特殊的反意疑問句
有些反意疑問句的尾句構成比較特殊，應當引起注意:
Few people knew the answer，did they?***few為否定含義，後接肯定尾句。***
I'm older than you，aren't I?***I am後面的否定尾句常用aren't I?***
Pass me the newspaper，will you?***肯定祈使句用will you?***
Don't be late next time，will you?***否定祈使句後也用will you?***
Remember to lock the door，won't you?***用won't you表示請求或懇求。***
Use your head，can't you?***can't you表示不耐煩或不滿的斥責。***
Let's do it by ourselves，shall we?***第一人稱祈使句，we包括說話人與聽話人雙方。***
Let us do it by ourselves，will you?***第二人稱祈使句，we只指說話人一方。***
Everybody has been told what to do，haven't they?***儘管hasn't he似乎更合語法;習慣常用 haven't they。***
Doesn't he eat meat? >>> Haven't you seen him?
2*** 否定問句的開頭一般都用not的縮寫形式;如分開，則須將not放到主語之後，但這類
None of us knew the way，did we?***none of us作主語, 尾句中用we***
Some of you are learning Russian，aren't you?***同上句理解。***
4. 特殊疑問句
1*** 兩種語序：
a*** 當疑問詞為主語或主語的定語時，語序與陳述句相同，如：
Somebody broke the window. >>> Who broke the window?
Something broke the window. >>> What broke the window?
Somebody's window was broken. >>> Whose window was broken?
b*** 當疑問詞為其它成分時，則疑問詞後面的語序與一般疑問句相同，如：
He was reading China Daily. >>> What paper was he reading?
I saw the film yesterday. >>> When did you see the film?
2*** 要注意選擇恰當的疑問詞以及與之搭配的其他詞語，如：
I bought a bike made in Tianjing. >>> What bike did you buy?
The new bike under the tree is mine. >>> Which bike is yours? He did his work carefully. >>> How did he do his work?
I go to the library twice a week.>>> How often do you go to the library?
He painted the desk white.>>> What color did he paint the desk?
5. 兩類選擇疑問句
1*** 一類是以一般疑問句為基礎的。如：
Do you speak French or German?
Will they come to see us or sha11 we go to see them?
Has Henry finished his breakfast or hasn't he?
2*** 另一類是以特殊疑問句為基礎的，可以看成是由一個Wh- 問句加上並列起來供人選擇
的兩個***或兩個以上的***答案構成的。如：
How do you go to school every day，by bus or on foot?
When shall we set off，at six or ***at***six thirty?
六. 祈使句
1. 祈使句的主語
1*** 主語應為第二人稱時，通常不表示出來，如：
Read after me， please. Be careful with your pronunciation. Have this seat，will you?***可加反意疑問句*** Let me have a try. Let him try again. All/Everybody be here at two o'clock。***也可不用Let*** 2*** 行為動作的主語為第一、三人稱時，祈使句通帶以Let開頭：
2. 祈使句的強調與否定
1*** 祈使句的強調結構是在句首加Do：
Do come early next time. Do be careful! 2*** 祈使句的否定是在句首加Don't： Don't ask me why. Don't be late.
Don't 1et there be too much noise.
Never buy what you cannot pay for.***也可用Never***
3. 祈使句+and/or結構
這類結構常可與含if從句的複合句相互轉換：
Give h1m an inch， and he'll take a yard. ***=lf you give him an inch, he'll take a yard.***
Wear your coat，or you'll catch cold.***If you don't wear your coat，you'll catch cold.*** 七. 感嘆句
1. What +***a/an***+adj. + n.+ 主謂
What a beautiful day it is!
What wonderful weather we are having!
1*** What之後是否用a/an要看後面的名詞是否可數;是單數還是複數：
What beautiful music the boy is playing!***music不可數，前面不可加a/an.*** What fools they were!***fools，複數，不可加a/an*** What a beautiful day!
What fools!
How hard you've been working! How time flies!
2*** 在上下文清楚的情況下，感嘆句中的主謂結構甚至形容詞都可省略。如： 2. How + adj./adv. + 主謂!
How happy we are!
How也可修飾句中動詞，如： How I miss you，my friend! 3. How+adj.+ a/an +單數名詞„：
How foolish a boy he is!***= What a foolish boy he is!***
三：非謂語動詞用法比較
一、不定式與動名詞作主語時的比較
不定式和動名詞在作主語時常常可以互換： Crying/To cry will not help you out of difficulty 但是要注意以下的幾點：
1. 動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作，而不定式作主語通常表示抽象動作，而不定式做主
語通常表示具體動作。試比較：
Living in Beijing must be wonderful.***泛指行為***
He realized that to live with her any longer was wrong ***具體行為*** 2. 當主語被否定時，通常用不定式：
Not to have hope is the poorest of all conditions
3. 在It is important/necessary…的結構中，主語只能用不定式，不用動名詞：
It is important to grasp the spirit of a foreign language in order to use it feely. It became necessary to build new factories for products never before produced 4. 在It takes+時間等+。¨的結構中，主語常用不定式：
How much cloth will it take to make a shirt?
5. 在There is no … 和It is no good …結構中，通常用動名詞 二、不定式與動名詞作表語時的比較
不定式和動名詞在作表語時常常可以互換： His job is bringing/to bring milk every day
但是，當不定式作主語時，表語用不定式;動名詞作主語時，表語也用動名詞。
To see is to believe. Seeing is believing.
此外，還應注意以下兩點：
1. 主語是it，this，that等指示代詞時，表語通常用動名詞：
That was playing with fire.
2. 主語是名詞時，表語較短時通常用動名詞，表語較長時通常用不定式：
My favorite sport is swimming.
What I like is to swim in the sea and then to lie on the sand
三、不定式與動名詞作賓語時的比較
1. 接不定式或動名詞作賓語意義區別不大的動詞常見的有：begin，start，continue，love，
like，propose等：
Almost all the boys like to play/playing football . 但以上的動詞中有一部分在下列情況下通常用不定式作賓語：
1*** 在would like/love/hate等的後面：
I'd like***love***to have a drink.
I'm starting to talk about it.
3*** 當begin後接某些感覺或狀態動詞時：
She began to see what he meant.
2. 接不定式或動名詞作賓語，意義不同的動詞或片語常見的有：
1*** remember/forget/regret+doing或to do sth
I must remember to ask him ***指記住要做的事***
I shall always remember seeing the famous scientist ***指記住己經發生過的事*** Don’t forget to bring your dictionary.***不要忘記要做的事***
I will never forget meeting you here ***不會忘記曾發生過的事***
I regret telling you so much ***懊悔己經作過的事=I'm sorry told you so much。***
I regret to tell you that you have failed your exam***regret發生在to tell之前，=I’m sorry
to tell you…***
可見，上述用法中，動名詞指己經發生的事，不定式指發生在renumber, forget或
regret以後的事。要注意：可以用動名詞的完成式替代一般式;通常不用*I forgot
doing it 而說：I forgot that I had done it 或I forgot about doing it.
2*** stop/go on/leave of+doing或to do sth.
They stopped smoking ***停止吸菸*** They stopped to smoke ***停下所做的事，開始吸菸*** He went on reading ***繼續讀*** He went on to read.***放下原來做的事，轉而讀書*** He left off playing tennis ***停止打網球*** They left off to play tennis ***離開某處去打網球*** 以上stop，leave off或go on後面的不定式都不是其賓語，而是作目的狀語。 3*** try+to do或doing sth. He'll try to finish the work as soon as possible.
Please try putting some more salt- that might make it taste a bit better.
try to do sth.中，try是不及物動詞，意思是“沒法、努力、盡力”，to do sth作目的
狀語;try doing sth中，try是及物動詞，意思是“嘗試、試一試”，看會發生什麼情
2*** 當這部分動詞是進行時態時：
況，動名詞作賓語。
4*** mean+to do/doing sth.
接不定式時，意思是“有„的意圖、打算。
I meant to telephone you last Friday but I didn’t have time to.
接動名詞時，意為“意味著”，“就是„
This kind of illness means going to hospital.
接動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義，此處也能用不定式的被動形式代換，但用動名詞較為常見：
The room wants repairing *** = to be repaired***
The radio needs fixing *** = to be fixed***
6*** be afraid+to do sth。或of doing sth.
接帶to的不定式時，意為“不敢”做某事，“害怕”做某事： She was afraid to see you again.
接“of+動名詞”時，意為“擔心”或“害怕”發生某種情況： 5*** need/want/require+doing***=to be done***。
I'm afraid of making mistakes when I speak English.
7*** be interested+to do sth。/in doing sth。
My sister is interested in becoming a doctor.
***指她想當醫生，動名詞表示將要發生的事。***
My sister is interested to be a doctor。
***指她當醫生後感到有意思，不定式表示已經發生的事。***
3. 除了一部分既可接不定式、也可按動名詞作賓語的動詞外，還有一部分動詞後面只能接
不定式作賓語;另有一部分動詞和成語後只能接動名詞作賓語。關於這兩點可以參看前面講到的不定式和動名詞條款。
四、to be done，being done或done***作定語***
不定式被動式、現在分詞一般被動式與過去分詞作定語時，存在時間關係上的區別。例如： The power station to be built next year will be of great benefit to the industry and agriculture of our Province.***to be built指將來 =which will be bui1t***
The power station being built now will be one of the largest in Asia.***being built=which is being built.
The power station built on the river last year has been left to our management.***built on the river指己完成 = which was bui1t on the river ***
五、不定式和分詞作賓語補足語時的比較
1. 在see，hear，find等一類表示感覺的動詞後：
1*** 不帶to不定式作賓語補足語，表示其動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發生，並強調動作
發生的全過程或事實： We saw the computer operate well 2*** 現在分詞作賓語補足語，表示其動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發生，強調正在進行： We saw the computer operating very well
3*** 過去分詞則往往表示動作完成的狀態：
We found the work of the computer done
2. 表示心理狀態的動詞：consider，declare， find，prove，think，know，believe，discover，imagine，judge，suppose，understand的賓語補足語一般，用 to be：
We found him to be cruel.
You surely can’t consider him to be selfish man.
四：分詞
一、分詞的基本概念
分詞有現在分詞和過去分詞兩種，主要在句中要起形容詞和副詞的作用。它們可以帶有自己 的賓語、表語、狀語等。
現在分詞與過去分詞的區別主要表現在語態和時間關係上:
1. 在語態上，現在分詞表示主動的意思，而及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動的意思： the moving body***運動著的物體***：the moved body***被移動的物體***。
示的動作和句中謂語動詞所表示的動作幾乎是同時發生的;而過去分詞表示已完成的動作或己存在的狀態，即它所表示的動作一般先於句中謂語動詞所表示的動作：
I saw someone opening the door.
I saw the door opened.
二、分詞作定語
分詞或分詞短語作定語，通常是說明句子中名詞的，但有時也說明代詞one***ones***，that ***those***，some，others，anything，something等：
The girl in the next room is his sister.
Today's computers are of much greater difference those used in the past***說明those***
1. 現在分詞作定語
1*** 表示正在進行的動作***變為定語從句時常用進行時態***：
The man standing***=Who is standing***at the door is our new maths teacher.
2*** 表示經常性動作或現在***或當時***的狀態***變為定語從句時常用一般時態***：
They visited the museum lying***=which lies***nearby .
語。例如：
People wishing ***= who wished***to see the film star had waited two hours outside the
cinema.
4*** 除以上情況外，用定語從句比用現在分詞短語作定語更好。例如：
The students who had attended the lecture were discussing it.
2. 過去分詞短語作定語
1*** 意指過去分詞所表示的動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發生：
Is this book written by the young man? A letter posted this morning will probably reach her tomorrow.
3*** 動詞wish，want，hope，know，think，believe，expect的現在分詞短語常可用作定2. 在時間關係上，一般來說，現在分詞表示正在進行的動作或動作的進展過程，即它所表沒有一定的時間性：
I don't like to see letters written in pencil.
3. 作定語時的位置
1*** 單個分詞作定語，常置於被說明的詞之前，不強調動作而強調某種性質或特徵： The cold wind was blowing through a broken window.
2*** 單個分詞作定語，有時放在被說明的詞之後，用來強調動作：
We have had good harvests for many years running. ***我們連續多年獲得豐收。***
3*** 分詞短語作定語時，通常位於被說明的詞之後
三、分詞作狀語
分詞及分詞短語作狀語，通常用來說明句中謂語動詞。其位置可在句首、句子中間或句末，一般用逗號分開。放在句首的常表示時間、原因、條件;放在句末的常表示結果、方式或伴隨情況等。
1. 現在分詞短語作狀語，其邏輯主語應該和句子的主語是一致的。
1*** 作時間狀語，相當子when等引起的從句：
Seeing those pictures***=When he saw those pictures***，he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days in his hometown.
Having done their homework***=After they had done/did their homework***，they went
swimming in the lake.
如果兩個動作是完全同時發生的，也常用when或while加分詞這種結構： He got to know them while attending a meeting in London.
Being so poor in those days*** =As they were so poor***，they couldn't afford to send the
children to school.
Not having received an answer***=As she hadn’t received an answer***，she wrote another
1etter to her parents.
必須注意：being短語作狀語時，通常表示原因，意為“由於某某是„”，不能理解
為“當„的時候”。
3*** 作結果狀語：
They opened fire，killing one of our villagers.
2. 過去分詞短語作狀語，句中的主語往往是過去分詞的邏輯賓語。
1*** 作時間狀語，相當於一個表示時間的狀語從句：
Seen from the hill ***=When it is seen from the hill***，our town looks 1ike a beautiful
garden.
2*** 作原因狀語，相當於一個表示原因的狀語從句：
Born into a poor family***=As he was born in a poor family***，he got only two years of school education.
3*** 說明謂語所表示的動作發生的背景或情況：
Built in 1891， the building is over 100 years Old .
四、分詞作賓語補足語
2*** 作原因狀語，相當於一個表示原因的狀語從句：
1. see/hear/watch/notice√smell/feel/observe/listen to/look at+賓語+現在分詞： We watched the girl going through some of the movements they had just leaned. At this moment he noticed the teacher coming in.
2. catch/find+賓語+現在分詞：
I caught Tom reading my diary and he made an apology to me for it.
We found a tree lying across the road.
3. have/get/keep/leave+賓語+現在分詞：
I'll have the car waiting at the gate. Will that be all right?
Do you think you can get the radio working?
4. have+賓語+過去分詞：其中have有三個不同的含義：
1*** “使„被完成”***常可用get代替have***：
I'd like to have ***get*** my radio repaired
2*** “遭受”、 “經歷”***不能用get代替***：
He had his watch stolen yesterday.
3*** “有、擁有”：
He felt in his pocket to see if he had any money left.
5. make + oneself + known/understood/heard等過去分詞：
He repeated explanations，but he couldn't make himself understood.
6. with+介詞賓語+現在分詞或過去分詞：
They sat in the room with the curtains drawn.
With the tree growing tall，we get more and more shade.
7. like/want/wish/order/+賓語+過去分詞
He won't like such questions discussed in his house.
8. find或think、feel等+賓語+changed/lost/gone/broken/come等過去分詞***說明賓
語所處的狀態***：
We found him greatly changed. When they entered the hall， they found the guests gone. 以上有些結構可變為被動語態，其補語形式依然不變，起主語補語的作用。
五、現在分詞的完成式
其形式為：having done***主動形式***，表示這動作發生在謂語所表示的動作之前： Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work.
六、現在分詞的被動式
其形式為：***以do為例***being done***一般式***，having been done***完成式***。
在表示一個被動動作時，如果這動作是現刻正在進行的，或是與謂語所表示的動作同時發生的，常用現在分詞的被動式。這種形式可以用來：
1. 作定語：
This is one of the experiments being carried ***= which are being carried*** on in our lab.
2. 作狀語：
Being asked to sing a song，he couldn't very well refuse.
間或用完成被動式：
The decision having been made，the next problem was how to put it into practice. ***分詞本身帶邏輯主語the decision而構成獨立主格結構充當狀語***
3. 作賓語補足語：
You'll find the news being talked about everywhere.
七、不及物動詞的過去分詞
不及物動詞的過去分詞沒有被動意義，而是表示主動的完成的意義：
Gone are the days when we use foreign oil.
***此句是倒裝句結構，gone作表語，表示己“一去不復返了”。***
You can see some fallen leaves at the corner.
這類過去分詞常見的有：fallen，come，gone, risen, grown up，returned等.
象interesting和interested一類的“使役動詞”的分詞在意義和用法上很容易混淆，一般可作如下區分：
1. 一部分表示“情感”，“心情”等意義的動詞的現在分詞有“令人/使人„的”意思，常用
來說明人或事物的特徵：
The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday.
2. 它們的過去分詞有“感到/覺得 „”的意思，用來指人的感覺：
這類容易混淆的分詞常見的有：encouraging — encouraged; exciting— excited;interesting — interested;astonishing — astonished;disappointing — disappointed;inspiring — inspired;puzzling — puzzled;surprising — surprised;shocking — shocked;discouraging — discouraged;pleasing — pleased;tiring - tired;worrying — worried;satisfying — satisfied;moving — moved; 八、容易混淆的現在分詞和過去分詞
五：動名詞
一、動名詞作主語
1. 一般置於句首：
Reading English is easier than speaking it.
2. 有時也可以用it作形式主語，而把動名詞放在謂語動詞之後。 It will be nice seeing them again.
這類句子結構常見的還有：
1*** It’s no use…;It is no use crying over spilt milk.
2*** It's no good…;It is no good feeling self——satisfied over your first success. 3*** Is it any good…? Is it any good trying to exp1ain? 4*** It's a waste of time…;It's a waste of time arguing about it. 3. 動名詞還可以在There is no„句子結構中做主語： There is no asking him to come now.He is busy.
這種句子中的動名詞常帶有賓語，其句型含義相當於It is impossible to do„
二、動名詞作表語
連繫動詞常與動名詞連用，一起構成複合謂語：
Our task is building China into a powerfu1 modern socialist country. 1. 作動詞賓語：
This factory has stopped producing the old type of engine.
必須接動名詞作賓語的動詞常見的有：consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，excuse，finish， give up，cannot help***禁不住***，imagine，mind，miss，practise，put off，resist，suggest，
三、動名詞作賓語
pardon，stop，allow，permit，forbid，appreciate等。
2. 作介詞賓語：
在介詞後面，常常用動名詞作賓語，這樣構成的介詞短語常用作定語或狀語 There are several ways of doing it.***定語*** After finishing the experiments， we wrote down the results.***狀語*** 這樣的介詞短語間或作表語： I am for putting the meeting off.
須接動名詞做介詞賓語的成語很多，最常見的有：Insist on, think of dream of hear of
prevent…from, keep…from, stop…from, be engaged in, look forward to，depend on，
thank…for, feel like，excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…***in***，waste…***in***,
get/be used to，be fond of be afraid of, be tired of succeed in, be interested in, feel/be ashamed of, be proud of等。
四、動名詞的邏輯主語：
動名詞之前可以加上一個物主代詞、名詞的所有格、人稱代詞的賓格或名詞的普通格，來表示這個動名詞的邏輯主語。
1. 物主代詞+動名詞
這種結構可置於句首，也可放在句中或句末，常可用作主語、表語、賓語或介詞賓語：
His going there won't do any harm***主語***
Do you think his going there will be of any help? ***主語***
What's troubling them is their not having enough food.***表語***
They insisted on my staying there for dinner.***賓語***
2. 名詞的所有格+動名詞
其用法與“物主代詞+動名詞”相同：
We all thought Tom's going there a great mistake.
3. 人稱代詞賓格+動名詞***不能放在句首用作主語***He was angry about me not having to
leave early.
4. 名詞的普通格+動名詞***不能放在句首用作主語***
I don't like young people smoking. 其它情況下的動名詞的邏輯主語形式
1*** 如果動名詞的邏輯主語是無生命的東西，就只能用普通格。
Is there any hope of your factory winning the game?
2*** 如果動名詞的邏輯主語是一個較長的名詞片語，也只能用普通格：
Did you ever hear of a man of good sense refusing such an order?
There is no chance of that being settled.
I’m sorry. I have no idea of it being midnight. 3*** 當動名詞的邏輯主語是不定代詞、指示代詞或指時間的it時，常用其賓格：
五、動名詞的否定式
1. 一般式：not doing***主動形式***：not being done***被動形式***
2. 完成式：not having done***主動形式***;not having been done***被動形式***
注意：當動名詞帶有邏輯主語時，not應放在邏輯主語後面。如：his not seeing the film.
六、動名詞的完成式
其形式為：***以do為例***having done***主動形式***;having been done***被動形式***。如果動名詞表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前，常用其完成式： He was praised for having completed thirty years of teach.
但是在forget，remember，regret等動詞和apologize for，excuse…for，thank…for等成語後， 經常可用動名詞的一般式來代替其完成式： I remember posting ***=having posted*** the letter.
Excuse me for coming ***=having come*** late 七、動名詞的被動式
其形式為：***以do為例***being done***一般式***;having been done***完成式***
當動名詞的邏輯主語是動名詞所表示的動作的物件;當句中的主語邏輯上是動名詞所表示的動作的物件時，動名詞一般要用被動式***多數情況下用一般被動式代替完成被動式***： They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers. This question is far from being settled.