你一定要了解的三種英語構詞法

  我們學習英語最先開始的就是要了解英語單詞的構詞法,所以小編特意整理了關於英語單詞的構詞法和演變方法供大家學習參考。

  英語中的構詞法主要有三種即轉化法、合成法和派生法。

  一、轉化法***conversion***

  在英語中,一個單詞由一種詞性轉化為另一種或幾種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫做轉化法。

  1. 動詞轉化為名詞

  Let me have a try.

  讓我試試。

  They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school.

  在學校裡只准許他們出售不含酒精的飲料。

  2. 名詞轉化為動詞

  He shouldered his way through the crowd.

  他用肩膀推開人群前進。

  The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.

  從廚房傳來的氣味使他流口水。

  3. 形容詞轉化為動詞

  We will try our best to better our living conditions.

  我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。

  They tried to perfect the working conditions.

  他們努力改善工作條件。

  4. 形容詞轉化為名詞

  He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.

  他不辨是非。

  The old in our village are living a happy life.

  我們村的老年人過著幸福的生活。

  5. 形容詞轉化為副詞

  How long have you lived there?

  你在那兒住多久了?

  6. 個別詞在一定場合中可轉化為名詞

  Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.

  穿暖和的衣服到山區去是必須的。

  Life is full of ups and downs.

  人生有得意時也有失意時。

  His argument contains too many ifs and buts.

  他的辯論中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。

  二、合成法***composition***

  由兩個或兩個以上的單詞連在一起合成一個新詞,這種構詞法叫做合成法,合成的詞叫做合成詞***compounds***。合成詞的寫法由習慣決定,可以寫在一起,也可以用連詞符號連線。

  1. 合成名詞

  名詞/代詞+名詞

  newspaper blood-test she-wolf

  動詞+名詞

  typewriter pickpocket daybreak

  形容詞+名詞

  greenhouse highway

  副詞+名詞

  overcoat outside

  名詞+v.-ing/v.-ing +名詞

  handwriting reading-room freezing-point

  動詞+副詞/ 副詞+ 動詞

  breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome

  名詞+介詞+名詞

  sister-in-law editor-in-chief

  2. 合成形容詞

  名詞+形容詞/形容詞+名詞

  world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term

  副詞+形容詞

  over-anxious evergreen

  名詞+過去分詞

  man-made sun-burnt

  名詞+現在分詞

  peace-loving English-speaking

  形容詞+現在分詞

  good-looking easy-going

  副詞+過去分詞

  well-informed widespread

  副詞+現在分詞

  hardworking far-reaching

  形容詞+名詞+ed

  warm-hearted absent-minded

  數詞+名詞+ed

  three-legged ten-storied

  數詞+名詞

  one-way five–star

  數詞+名詞+形容詞

  ten-year-old 800-meter-long

  名詞+to+名詞

  face –to-face door - to -door

  3. 合成動詞

  名詞+動詞

  baby-sit sleepwalk

  副詞+動詞

  outnumber underestimate overwork

  形容詞+動詞

  whitewash

  4. 合成副詞

  形容詞+名詞

  meanwhile anyway

  形容詞+副詞

  everywhere anyhow

  副詞+副詞

  however

  介詞+名詞

  beforehand overhead

  介詞+副詞

  forever

  5. 合成代詞

  代詞賓格+self/selves

  herself themselves

  物主代詞+self/selves

  myself yourselves

  形容詞+名詞

  anything nothing

  6. 合成介詞

  副詞+名詞

  inside outside

  介詞+副詞

  without within

  副詞+介詞

  into

  三、派生法

  由一個詞加上字首或字尾構成一個與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫做派生法。

  1. 字首

  除少數字首外,字首一般改變單詞的意義,但不改變單詞的詞性。

  ***1***表示否定意義的字首

  un-unhappy unfinished undress

  dis- disagree disbelieve

  in[il-***在字母l前***,im-***在字母m,b,p前***,ir***在字母r前***]-inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular

  mis-misbehave mislead mistake

  non-nonstop nonsmoker

  ***2***表示其他意義的字首

  en-“使……” enrich enlarge encourage

  inter-“相互” international intercontinental

  re-“再,又,重” rethink retell recycle

  tele-“遠端的” telescope telephone telegraph

  auto-“自動的” automatic automobile

  co-“共同” coworker cooperate coexist

  anti-“反對,抵抗” antiwar antifreeze antinuclear

  multi-“多” multistory multicultural multicolor

  bi-“雙,二”bicycle bilingual bilateral

  micro-“極小的,微小的” microwave microcomputer

  over-“太多,過分” overwork overdo overestimate

  self-“自己,本身” self-centered self-confident self-control

  under-“在……下面,……下的,不足的” underline, underground, underestimate, underrate

  2. 字尾

  ***1***形容詞字尾

  -able “可……的,具有……的” acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable

  -al“與……有關的” physical, magical, political

  -an“屬於某地方的人” American African

  -ern“方向” southern, northern, eastern

  -ful/ less“***沒***有……的” helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless

  -ish“如……的;有……特徵的” foolish childish selfish

  -ive“有……傾向的” active attractive expensive

  -en“由……製成的” golden wooden woolen

  -ous“有***性質***的” famous, dangerous, poisonous

  -ly “有……性質的” friendly yearly daily

  -y“構成形容詞” noisy dusty cloudy

  ***2***名詞字尾

  -er / or“表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container

  -ese“某國***人***的” Chinese, Japanese

  -ian“某國、某地人;精通……的人” musician, Asian, Russian, technician

  -ist“某種主義或職業者” physicist, scientist, communist,socialist

  -ess“表女性,雌性” hostess, actress, princess

  -ment“行為或其狀態” government, movement, achievement

  -ness“性質,狀態” illness, sadness, carelessness

  -tion“動作,過程,結果” invention, organization, translation

  -ance/ ence“抽象;行為、性質、狀態” importance, appearance, absence, existence

  -th“性質、情況” depth, warmth, truth

  -ful“***滿的***量” handful, spoonful, mouthful

  -***a***bility“抽象、性質、狀態” possibility, disability, reliability

  -al“過程、狀態” survival, arrival, approval

  -y“性質、情況” modesty, delivery, honesty

  -dom“處於……狀態;性質” freedom, boredom

  -age“狀態,行為,身份及其結果” courage, storage, marriage

  ***3***動詞字尾

  -fy / ify“使得;變得” simplify, beautify, purify

  -en“使成為……;變得” shorten, deepen, sadden

  -ize“使成為” apologize, realize, specialize

  ***4***副詞字尾

  -ly“方式,程度” freely, truly, angrily

  ward***s***“向……” towards, forward, upwards

  ***5***數詞字尾

  -teen“十幾” fourteen, eighteen, thirteen

  -ty“整十位數” forty, fifty, sixty

  -th“序數詞” twelfth, twentieth