英文科普文章
醫學英語科普文章是隨著醫學的發展而形成的一種文體形式,有其自身的特點。下面是小編帶來的，歡迎閱讀!
1
你不得不知的“網路禮儀” 英語百科知識
許多年輕人生於網路時代，在網路的陪伴下成長，網路禮儀的問題也日漸突出。新時代，網路禮儀教育正當時。
Are manners dead? Cellphones and social networking may be killing off the old civilities and good graces, but a new generation of etiquette gurus is rising to make old-fashioned protocols relevant to a new generation.
禮儀已死?儘管手機和社交網路可能正在扼殺傳統禮節與優雅舉止，但新一代的禮儀專家們正在致力於將似乎已經過時的禮儀變得與新一代人的生活息息相關。
Their goal: to help young people navigate thorny, tech-age minefields, like invites on social networking sites and online dating, not to mention actual face-to-face contact with people.
他們的目標是：幫助年輕人來規避科技時代中那些令人棘手的雷區，比如社交網站上的邀請以及線上交友，更不用說實際生活中人與人之間面對面的接觸了。
Perhaps the fastest growing area of social advice is what’s been termed “netiquette”. There are online tutorials on using emoticons in business e-mails, being discreet when posting on social networks and re-posting too many micro blog messages.
或許在一系列社交指南中，風頭正勁的就要屬“網路禮儀”部分了。網上出現了很多有關公務郵件中表情符號的使用指導、社交網站發帖以及轉發微博的注意事項。
Young people “are getting sick of the irony and rudeness that is so prevalent in their online lives”, said Jane Pratt, editor in chief of XoJane, a women’s lifestyle website. “The return of etiquette is in part a response to the harshness of the interactions they are having in the digital sphere.”
“網路生活中充斥的毒舌與無禮令年輕人頭疼不已，XoJane女性生活網站的主編簡•普瑞特表示。“某種程度上，禮儀的迴歸是他們對那些令人反感的網路互動的迴應。”
“Nice is very cool right now,” she added.
“如今，友好才是最酷的事情，”她補充道。
The social quandaries seem to be endless. Are you obligated to respond to party invitations on Sina Weibo? Is it rude to listen to your iPod while sharing a ride with someone else?
社交難題似乎沒完沒了。你有義務去回覆新浪微博上的聚會邀請嗎?與人共乘一車時用iPod聽歌是不是很沒有禮貌?
When Daniel Post Senning, the great great grandson of Emily Post, a well-known etiquette writer in the US, was working on the 18th edition of Emily Post’s Etiquette, he found it impossible to cover technology in a single chapter. Instead, he devoted an entire book to it, Emily Post’s Manners in a Digital World: Living Well Online.
美國著名禮儀作家艾米莉•博斯特 的玄孫丹尼爾•普斯特•森寧在編纂第18版的《西方禮儀集萃》時發現，科技方面很難用一章講清楚。而他就這一點寫出了《艾米莉•博斯特的網路禮儀》這本書。
The book tackles questions like whether one should announce a serious illness on a social networking site. ***Yes, Senning said, but medical updates should be confined to close friends and family.***
書中解答了諸如一個人是否應該在社交網站上釋出身患重病的訊息之類的問題。***森寧表示：答案是“可以”，但治療狀況應僅對家人和密友公開。***
Even the gurus who position themselves as the embodiment of Old World civility feel obliged to tackle 21st-century conundrums.
即使是那些古典禮儀專家們也感到自己有責任來解答21世紀的新難題。
Charles MacPherson runs a school for butlers in Canada. In his new book The Butler Speaks, MacPherson talks about whether one may keep a cellphone on the table during a dinner party.
查爾斯•麥克弗森在加拿大經營一所男管家學校。在他的新書《男管家的話》中，麥克弗森探討了晚宴時是否應將手機放在桌上的問題。
“It is never OK to leave your cellphone on the dinner table,” he said. “If you must go out and anticipate a call, first inform your hostess of the situation and keep your cellphone on vibrate and in your pocket or on your lap. In the event that it does ring, excuse yourself from the table — don’t explain why, just a simple ‘excuse me’ — and leave the dining room before taking the call.”
“把手機放在餐桌上是大忌，”他說。“如果你不得不起身去接電話，那麼首先一定要將情況告知主人，並且將手機調成振動放在包裡或者腿上。如果手機響了，表示歉意然後起身離開——不用解釋原因，只要說聲‘不好意思’就好——然後走出餐廳再接電話。”
Indeed, there is a retro allure to etiquette that appeals to 20-somethings, said Pam Krauss, a publisher of several etiquette books. “There’s a whole generation of young people for whom etiquette, much like cooking, sewing, and other ‘home arts’, was not passed down from their parents or grandparents the way it would have been in years past,” Krauss told The New York Times.
的確，對於二十幾歲的年輕人來說，禮儀有一種復古的魅力，曾發行過多本禮儀指導書的出版商帕姆•克勞斯表示。“對於整個年輕一代來說，禮儀就像廚藝、縫紉及其他的‘居家藝術’一樣，並沒能像在過去那樣從父母或者祖父母身上傳承下來。”克勞斯在接受《紐約時報》採訪時說道。
2
13件你認為是真的但其實並不是的事情
Napoleon wasn’t short, he was 5.7 which at the time was taller than average, the rumor that he was a teeny tiny man was just a piece a British war propaganda. Napoleon’s true waterloo was mean people.
拿破崙並不矮，他五尺七寸的身材，在當時高於平均身高，說他是個小小人的謠言僅僅是英國戰時宣傳的一部分。拿破崙真正的滑鐵盧是受刻薄的人汙衊啊。
It’s not true that humans only use 10 percent of our brains, no study has shown or even claimed that. It’s just something people say for no reason.Yeah, turns out the whole brain is important.
人類僅僅用了大腦的10%的說法是不正確的，沒有任何研究表明甚至聲稱此說法是正確的，這種說法毫無根據。整個大腦都很重要。
NO matter what your drunk cousin Dave tells you, there’s no such thing as cow tipping. Because cows sleep lying down. Well then, what if I been getting drunk and knocking down then. Mom, I’m sorry!
無論你醉醺醺的表弟戴夫怎麼說，推牛倒從來就不是真的，因為牛都是臥著睡覺的。那我喝醉了把牛打倒在地上不就行了。媽媽，我錯了!
Touching baby birds doesn’t make their mothers reject them, mamas love their babies. That’s right, you could have saved that bird you saw when you were 10. You let it die.
鳥媽媽不會因為你對鳥寶寶的觸控而拋棄她的幼兒，鳥媽媽們愛她們的寶寶。是的，你本該能救起你十歲時看到的那隻小鳥。但你讓它死了。
George Washington didn’t have wooden teeth, his actual dentures were made of gold, lead, hippopotamus bones and doggie teeth. Ha! Wood. How pedestrian.
喬治·華盛頓並沒有木質牙齒，他的假牙是由黃金、鉛、河馬骨骼和小狗的牙齒構成的。呵呵，木頭，這麼普通的材質。
There’s no medical reason to drink eight glasses of water a day. Uh, now you tell me.
沒有任何醫學道理說明一天需喝8杯水。現在才告訴我。
Sorry stoners, undercover cops don’t have to tell you they’re cops just because you ask them. Cops are allowed to lie, that’s not a thing. Oh, wait. So are you a cop? Well, you could be a cop.
抱歉癮君子們，臥底警察不會因為你問他們就告訴你他們是警察。警察是可以說謊的，這都不是事兒。等等，你是警察?這有可能。
Vikings didn’t wear horns on their helmets, and the Iron Maiden never existed. It was a hoax that was made up in the nineteenth century. Yeah!
維京人不會在他們的頭盔上戴上角，還有鋼鐵處女根本沒有存在過。這是一個19世紀編造的玩笑。嗷!
George Washington Carver didn’t invent peanut butter, Thomas Crapper didn’t invent the toilet, and Al Gore never claimed he invented the Internet. That’s correct, what I did do was sponsored legislation. Oh my god you’re so boring! Which was a predecessor of the rule……?
喬治·華盛頓·卡佛沒有發明花生醬，托馬斯·卡普拉爾沒有發明馬桶，艾伯特·戈爾從沒聲稱自己發明了因特網。的確，不過我贊助了立法。噢，天啊，你煩死了!這是規則制定的先例……
Albert Einstein didn’t fail high school math. Of course I freakin’ didn’t. I was a great scientist of all time. And you jackasses think I failed math? E equals MC screw you! Nice one!
阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦高中數學沒有不及格。我當然沒掛科，我一直對科學很在行，你們這群***竟然認為我數學會不及格?E=mc去你的!幹得漂亮!
The Great Wall of China is not visible from space. Yeah. Every astronaut looks, and none of us have ever seen it. But hey, why listen to us, we’re only “astro-nuts”. Not to mention, if you were ever thrown out of an airlock, you wouldn’t explode. In fact, you can survive up to 30 seconds, before you ran out of oxygen, and lost consciousness. So here’s a question, if none of these things are true, then why do we all believe them? Simple，because they all tell good stories. It’s so comforting and fun to think that Albert Einstein sucked at math too! Or that cops have to do what you say if you know the magic words. But, that doesn’t make it true. And nothing is more important than …the…truth.
從太空上是看不見中國的萬里長城的，每個宇航員都會用眼睛看啊，從來沒人看到過。我們只是宇航呆啊，為什麼要聽我們的，對不?還有一個就是，如果你被丟擲氣密艙你並不會自爆。事實上，你能活上個30秒，然後因為缺氧而失去意識。那麼問題來了，如果這些事沒有真的，我們為什麼都相信呢?很簡單，因為他們都講了一口好故事。認為愛因斯坦也在數學上糟透了是多麼令人感到安慰和有趣啊!還有認為只要你知道暗號，警察就必須按照你說的做。但好故事不一定是真事。沒有…什麼…比真相…更重要的了。
3
英國人的英語最難懂
If native speakers of English are not to become international corporate pariahs, they will need to learn how to speak global English – in other words, to communicate with non-native speakers.
如果英語母語人士不想被國際商業界所遺棄，他們需要去學習如何講通用英語——換言之，就是和非母語人士溝通。
Resentment at the complexity of native speakers' English is widespread in international business. During a study carried out at Kone Elevators of Finland, one Finnish manager blurted out: “The British are the worst . . . It is much more difficult to understand their English than that of other nationalities. When we non-native speakers of English talk, it is much easier to understand. We have the same limited vocabulary.”
在國際商界，針對母語人士英語複雜性的不滿普遍存在。在芬蘭通力電梯進行的一項調查中，一位芬蘭經理人脫口而出：“英國人最差勁了……他們講的英語是所有國家中最難懂的。而我們這些非英語母語人士所說的話，要容易理解得多。我們都擁有同樣有限的詞彙量。”
How can native speakers of English make themselves more comprehensible and more likeable? The most obvious way is to learn someone else's language. The great benefit of learning other languages is that you have some idea of what non-native speakers are up against. However, news this week that fewer than half of English schoolchildren are learning a foreign language suggests that this is not going to be a profitable route for many.
英語母語人士怎樣才能使自己更容易為人理解和喜愛呢?最明顯的方法，就是學習其他人的語言。學習其它語言的一大好處就是你可以對其它非母語人士的問題有所瞭解。然而，有訊息稱，只有不到半數的英國學童在學習一門外語，說明對很多人來說，以上建議並不是好方法。
So what should native English-speakers do to make themselves better understood? First, slow down, but not to the point where members of your audience think you are patronising them. Second, avoid idiomatic and metaphorical expressions: that's the way the cookie crumbles, people in glass houses, and the like.
那麼英語母語人士應該怎樣做，使自己能夠更好地被別人所理解呢?首先，放慢語速，但是不要慢到使你的聽眾覺得你是在遷就他們。第二，避免使用成語和比喻的表達方式：例如“餅乾就是那麼碎的”***that's the way the cookie crumbles，意指無可避免***、“玻璃屋中人”***people in glass houses，意指自身有問題和身處險境的人***等表達方式。
Jokes are a difficult area. You will not forget the silence that follows one that is found baffling. On the other hand, when jokes work, they can be a huge success with a non-native speaking audience. If you have learnt other languages, you will know that very few achievements are as satisfying as understanding your first foreign joke. Try a few out with your non-native speaking audience; you will soon learn which ones are worth repeating.
笑話是一個很難理解的領域。一個讓人難以理解的笑話會帶來一片沉默，這會使你難以忘懷。而另一方面，當笑話起作用時，它們會為你在英語非母語人中帶來巨大的成功。如果你學過其它語言，你會知道，聽懂自己的第一個外國笑話，會帶來一種無可比擬的成就感。試著給非母語聽眾講幾個笑話後，你會很快明白哪些是值得重複的。
It is often unnecessary to avoid longer words such as “association” and “nationality”, which are common to the Romance languages and will be widely understood in Europe and Latin America.
通常沒有必要去避免較長的單詞，例如“association”***協會、聯合*** 和 “nationality”***國家、民族***，這些詞在拉丁語系中很常見，在歐洲和拉丁美洲都能被廣泛理解。
Listen to verbal responses for signs of whether you have been understood or not. Make sure your non-native speaking colleagues have the chance to talk; they will often be paraphrasing your words in an attempt to satisfy themselves that they have grasped what you said.
從人們的反應中找尋自己是否被人理解的跡象。讓非母語同事有機會說話，他們常常會重複你說過的話，以此肯定自己已經理解了你表達的意思。
Always remember that the greatest friend of the non-native speaker is repetition. Find more than one way of getting your point across and summarise frequently.
切記，非英語母語人士最好的朋友就是重複。不要只用一種說法來表達自己的意思，同時要經常進行總結。