初中英語所有知識點總結
初中英語學習會對學生一生的英語學習產生重要的影響,下面是小編為大家帶來的,相信對你會有幫助的。
:主謂一致
在英語中,謂語動詞在人稱和數上必須和主語保持一致。
1、以there或here引起的句子,謂語是be動詞時,如果主語是並列的幾個名詞,謂語動詞應和最靠近它的一個名詞保持人稱和數的一致。
例如:
There are two trees and a well behind the house.
Here is an apple,two oranges and some peaches for you.
2、由neither…nor/either…or/not only…but also/not…but等連線的名詞或代詞作主語時,謂語動詞應與最靠近他的一個名詞或代詞保持人稱和數上的一致。
例如:
Neither jack nor I have seen the film.
Either you or I am worry.
Not only you but also he comes here every day.
3、each和由some/any/one/every/構成的複合代詞,都作單數看待,謂語動詞應用單數形式。
例如:
Each of us has something to say .
Is everyboday ready?
Someboday is using the phone.
4、主語後接with/together with/as well as/but等短語作定語時,謂語形式不受定語的影響。
例如:
The teacher together with his students is going there on foot.
5、many a許多和more than one不止一個等作定語去修飾作主語的單數可數名詞時,謂語動詞用單數。
例如:
Many a way has been tried.
6、pair of等表示數量的名詞短語修飾主語時,謂語的形式要與pair等名詞形式一致。常見的有:pair of/kind of/type of/box of等。但a lot of/lots of和a number of不屬於這一類。
例如:
There is a pair of shoes left.
7、從句或短語包括不定式和動名詞作主語時,往往表達一種抽象概念,謂語動詞用單數。
例如:
Waving hand is to say“goodbye”.
What he said is wrong.
8、maths/news/physics/the united states等單數概念,複數形式的名詞作主語時,謂語動詞多用單數。
例如:
The united states was founded in 1776.
9、時間、距離、金錢、重量、容量等名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。
例如:
Twenty years is a long time.
Two hundreds dollars is a lot of money.
10、the number of+名詞,謂語動詞用單數:a number of+名詞,謂語動詞用複數。
:賓語從句
1、連詞:連詞由充當賓語從句的句子語氣來確定。如果為陳述語氣,則用that可省略;如果為特殊疑問語氣,則用適當的特殊疑問詞;如果為一般疑問語氣,則用if/whether是否。
例如:
He saysthathe lives in beijing.
I don′t know where he works.
Could you tell me if/whether it snows in winter in australia?
注意:在賓語從句中,if後面不能直接跟or not,而whether後面則可以。
例如:
Can you tell me whether or not the train has left.
2、時態
例如:
Do you know who give us a talk?
He asked if it was five o′clock.
注意:賓語從句如果表達客觀事實、真理,則不論主句為何種時態,從句一般用一般現在時。
例如:
The teacher told usthatthe earth moves around the sun.
3、語序:賓語從句一律要用陳述語序。
例如:
Li mei asked me where mary was.
4、連線代詞:what可以表示“…的話”,“…的事”的意思。
例如:
I can not understand what he said.
5、標點符號:帶有賓語從句的複合句用什麼標點符號,要依據主句的句式來確定。
例如:
He asked me how many students there were in our class.
Do you know if he will go to the cinema tomorrow?
6、在think/suppose/expect等動詞之後的賓語從句中,如果從句謂語是否定含義,則不用否定形式,而將主句謂語動詞變為否定形式。
例如:
I don′t think you are right.我認為你不對。
7、賓語從句和連線代詞在句中作賓語時,從句中應用及物動詞;若從句中的動詞是不及物動詞,應在其後加介詞或副詞。
例如:
Please tell me what place he lives in.
8、如果賓語從句是用and連線的並列句,兩個賓語從句前都要使用連線詞;如果連線詞都是that,第一個可以省略,第二個則不能。
例如:
I heardthattheir team won and that the teacher was please.
:狀語從句
1、時間狀語從句:引導時間狀語從句的連詞有when/while/as/as soon as/until/not…untill/before/after/since等。
例如:
When you leave,please take a raincoat with you.
As soon as she got home,she began to make dinner.
注意:
1while意為“當…期間”,從句中的謂語動詞一般用進行時態。
例如:
Take notes while you are listening to the teacher.
2while側重主句中謂語動詞表示的動作或存在的狀態與從句謂語動詞所表示的動作或存在的狀態的對比,常譯為“而”。
例如:
He is a worker while I am a student.
3not…until,直到……才,主句謂語動詞必須是非持續性動詞而且主句是否定式,從句為肯定式。
例如:
He did not go to bed until his mother came.
4在時間狀語從句中要用一般現在時表示將來時間。
例如:
Mr smith will telephone you when he returns.
2、原因狀語從句:引導原因狀語從句的連詞有:because/as/since等。
例如:
His sister is in bed because she is ill.
注意:含原因狀語從句的複合句,有時可以轉換為用so連線的並列句,故because和so不能同時出現在一個句子中。
例如:
He did not come here because he was busy.
He was busy,so he did not come here.
3、地點狀語從句:引導地點狀語從句的連詞有where或wherever.
例如:
Where there is no air or water,noboday can live.
4、條件狀語從句:引導條件狀語從句的連詞有if/unless等。
1在含有if引導的條件狀語從句的主從複合句中,主句謂語部分通常含有will/shall或情態動詞,從句用一般現在時表示將來時態。
例如:
We will go for a picnic if it dose not rain tomorrow.
2if……not常譯作“如果不…”,相當於unless,unless含有否定意義,譯作“假如不”,“除非”。
例如:
例如:
You will fail if you do not work hard.
You will fail unless you work hard.
3用if改寫“祈使句+and+簡單句”這一句子結構中的祈使句時,要在祈使句前加if you,並去掉並列連詞and.
例如:
Study hard,and you will catch up with us.
If you study hard,you will catch up with us.
4用if……not改寫“祈使句+or+簡單句”這一結構中的祈使句時,要變祈使句為否定的條件狀語從句,並去掉or.
例如:
Hurry,or you won′t catch the bus.
If you study hard ,you will catch up with us.
5、目的和結構狀語從句:引導目的狀語從句的連詞有so that;引導結果狀語從句的連詞有so …that…,such…that….
1so 是副詞,修飾形容詞或副詞。
So +adj/adv+that
例如:the shoes are so small that I can not wear them.
2such是形容詞,修飾名詞。
Such+a/an+adj+n可數名詞單數+that…
Such+adj+n不可數名詞單數,可數名詞複數+that…
例如:
She is such a lovely girl that we all like her.可改為:she is so lovely a girl that we all like her.
3如果名詞前是表示多少的many/much/few/little等詞時要用so.
例如:
I have so much money that we all like her.
4so …that的主從複合句在轉換為簡單句時,可選用下列四種結構。
Too…to do sth too…for sb to do
…enough to do sth enough for sb to do
例如:
Tom is so young that he can not join the army.
Tom is too young to join the army./tom is not old enough to jion the army.
The milk is so cool that we can drink it.
The milk is cool enough for us to drink.
6、比較狀語從句:引導比較狀語從句的連詞有as…as,than等。
1表示甲乙在某一個方面相同時,用as+形容詞/副詞原級+as結構,表示甲在某一個方面不如乙時,用“not as/so+形容詞/副詞原級+as”結構。
例如:
John is as clever as tom.
He dose not run as/so fast as you .
2表示甲程度高於乙時,用“形容詞、副詞的比較級+than引導的”從句結構。
He si taller than I .
3兩個比較物件要對等,即“應是句子中的同等成分進行比較”。
例如:
The weather in south is always hotter than that in north.
7、讓步狀語從句:引導讓步狀語從句的連詞有though,although等。
例如:
They kept working on the farm though it was raining hard.=it was raining hard,but they kept working on the farm.
注意:though/although不能與並列連詞but同時出現在一個句子中。
:定語從句
在複合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句,它的作用相當於形容詞,被修飾的詞叫做先行詞。
1、定語從句的位置。
1定語從句一般地說要放在先行詞之後,無論這個詞在句中充當何種成分。
The student who answered the question is bill.
2有時先行詞後還有一個作定語的詞或片語時,定語從句則應放在上述成分之後。
Do you know anyone in our class whose father is a business man?
2、定語從句的引導詞
1定語從句的引導詞是由關係代詞或關係副詞充當的。
關係代詞有who/whom/whose/that,關係副詞有when/where/why,它們除了引導從句的作用外,還要在從句中充當一定的成分。關係代詞和關係副詞的選用要看其在從句中發揮的作用,與主語沒有任何關係。
在從句中充當主語的有who/which/that.
在從句中充當賓語的有whom/which/that.
在從句中充當定語的有whose.
在從句中充當狀語的有when/where/why.
當定語從句所修飾的先行詞是人時,關係代詞要用who主格,whom賓格,也可以用that,以及whose所有格,先行詞是物時,關係代詞要用which,也可用
例如:
The students who do not study hard will not pass the examination.
Do you know the manwhommr green shook hand with?
The letterwhichI received yesterday is from my sister.
Who is the manthatis reading a magazine over there?
The bookthat you lent me is very ingteresting .
I will never forget the day when I joined the party.
Last year I went to the village where I was born.
This is the reason why she will go to london.
2在先行詞相同的情況下,根據它們在定語從句中所起的語法作用,可用不同的引導詞連線不同的定語從句。
例如:
This is the school where I students for six years.school或student的狀語。
This is the school which he mentioned just now.school作menttioned的賓語.