普羅高菲夫

蘇人(Sioux)，亦稱達科他人（Dakota）。

操蘇語諸語言的北美大平原印第安民族（參閱Plains Indian），主要由桑蒂人（東蘇人）、揚克頓人以及特頓人（西蘇人）組成，其下再分成較小的分支（如黑腳人和奧加拉拉人）。17世紀，蘇人主要居住在蘇必略湖周圍地區，但奧吉布瓦人的攻擊將他們逐往明尼蘇達西部。他們逐漸適應了平原的生活，狩獵野牛，住在圓錐帳篷裡，重視戰爭中的勇猛，跳太陽舞。蘇人女子很擅長箭豬刺和念珠編織。蘇人在1862年極力抵制白人的襲擊，白人違反條約，使桑蒂人在小烏鴉領導下展開起義，落敗後被迫西遷至達科他州和內布拉斯加州的居留地。美國軍隊和揚克頓人以及特頓人之間的激烈戰爭在1876年的小大角河戰役中達到頂峰。1890年代，鬼舞道門鼓勵很多蘇人拿起武器，導致了傷膝大屠殺。現在，蘇人的數量只有75,000，主要居住在北達科他州、南達科他州、蒙大拿州及內布拉斯加州等地的居留地內。亦請參閱Sitting Bull。

English version：

Sioux

Group of Plains Indian peoples of Siouan language stock comprising the Santee (Eastern Sioux),Yankton,and Teton (Western Sioux),each of which in turn had lesser divisions (e.g.,Blackfoot,Oglala). In the 17th century the Sioux lived in the area around Lake Superior,but attacks from the Ojibwa drove them west into Minnesota. They adopted a Plains way of life,hunting buffalo,living in tepees,emphasizing valor in warfare,and practicing the sun dance. Sioux women were skilled at porcupine-quill and bead embroidery. The Sioux were resolute in resisting white incursions. In 1862,white treaty violations led the Santee to mount a bloody uprising under Little Crow; after their defeat,they were forced onto reservations in South Dakota and Nebraska. Serious fighting between U.S. troops and the Yankton and Teton Sioux in the 1860s and 1870s culminated in the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876,a great Indian victory. Eventually,however,the Sioux surrendered and were forced onto reservations. In 1890 the Ghost Dance religion inspired many Sioux to take up arms,leading to the massacre at Wounded Knee. Today the Sioux number about 75,000; most live on reservations in North and South Dakota,Montana,and Nebraska. See also Sitting Bull.