西維吉尼亞

美國勞聯－產聯(AFL-CIO)

全名美國勞工聯合會－產業工會聯合會（American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations）

1955年由勞聯和產聯合併成的美國獨立勞工工會聯合會。勞聯，建立於1886年，是以把工人組織成行業工會的原則建立的，而產聯，建立於1935年，則是按工業部門組織工人的。勞聯是1886年在龔帕斯（Samuel Gompers）的領導下，組織起來的一個鬆散的聯合會。其所屬工會對自身事務保留充分的自主權。而每個工會都從勞聯得到對工人和對聲稱屬自己管轄的產業領域的保護。產聯成立於1935年，由自勞聯分裂出來的一個工會團體成立產業工會委員會。1938年召開了第一次大會，採用了新名稱「產業工會聯合會」，通過了章程，並選舉路易斯（John L. Lewis）為主席。二十年來，產聯和勞聯為爭奪美國勞工運動的領導權進行了激烈的抗爭。但在戰後日趨保守和反勞工的氣氛下，促使產聯和勞聯結盟共同反對新法。1955年勞聯與產聯合並，勞聯前主席米尼（George Meany）擔任了新工會的主席。會員人數在1970年代晚期高達1,700萬人，此後到1980和1990年代中期因美國製造業的就業情況衰退，會員人數稍微下降。勞聯－產聯的任務是為勞工運動組織力量，開展教育活動，在所屬工會間調解管轄許可權的糾紛，在政治上支援有利於勞工的立法。亦請參閱Kirkland,Lane、Knights of Labor、Reuther,Walter (Philip)。

English version：

AFL-CIO

U.S. federation of labor unions formed in 1955 by the merger of the AFL and the CIO. The AFL was founded in 1886 as a loose federation of craft unions under the leadership of Samuel Gompers. Member unions retained autonomy and received protection of their workers and jurisdiction over a certain industrial territory. The CIO was founded in 1935 as the Committee for Industrial Organization by a splinter group of AFL unions whose leaders believed in organizing skilled and unskilled workers across entire industries; at its first convention in 1938,it adopted its current name and elected John L. Lewis president. For two decades the AFL and CIO were bitter rivals for the leadership of the U.S. labor movement,but they formed an alliance in the increasingly conservative,antilabor climate of the postwar era,and in 1955 they merged under the leadership of George Meany. AFL-CIO membership reached 17 million in the late 1970s but declined in the 1980s and '90s as the U.S. manufacturing sector shrank. AFL-CIO activities include recruiting and organizing members,conducting educational campaigns,and supporting political candidates and legislation deemed beneficial to labor. See also Lane Kirkland,Knights of Labor,Walter Reuther.