史特拉汶斯基

涂爾干(1858～1917年)

Durkheim,émile

法國社會科學家，曾提出一套實驗研究與社會學理論相結合的方法論，普遍推崇為社會學法國學派之父。先後受聘於波爾多大學和巴黎大學，熟諳多種外語。他很少外出旅行，而且從不作實地調查，他研究的大量資料都是由其他人類學者、旅行家或傳教士蒐集和提供的。他所思考和撰寫的，大多取自1870年代～1880年代目睹的重大事件，這些事件使他確信科學和技術的發展不一定必然導致進步，他察覺到周圍瀰漫著一片失範－－他後來對社會普遍不滿現象的概括說法－－的氛圍。他的社會學思想第一次發表於其博士論文《社會分工論》（1893）和另一部著作《論自殺》（1897）中。他認為，倫理和社會結構因技術和機械化的出現而受到威脅和損害，分工使工人們更加疏離而又彼此更加依賴，凡是個人能與他所歸屬的文化更緊密地結合在一起的地方，自殺情況顯然較少。隨著德雷福斯（A. Dreyfus）事件的發生，他越來越關心教育和宗教，認為這是改造人性最強有力的手段，也是塑造社會深層變革所要求的新制度、新風氣的最有效的方法。他的《法蘭西教育學的發展》一書在他死後出版（1938），是法國教育學中最有見識的著作之一。涂爾干晚年的另一重要著作是《宗教生活之初級形式》（1915），這是一部人類學著作，研究宗教的起源和作用，認為宗教是社會集體意識的表現，可以促進團結。亦請參閱Mauss,Marcel。

English version：

1858～1917年

Durkheim,émile

French social scientist who developed a vigorous methodology combining empirical research with sociological theory,and is widely regarded as the founder of the French school of sociology. His sociological reflections,never remote from the moral philosophy he was schooled in,were first expressed in The Division of Labor in Society (1893) and Suicide (1897). In his view,ethical and social structures were endangered by technology and mechanization. The division of labor produced alienation among workers,and the increased prosperity of the late 19th century generated greed and passions that threatened the equilibrium of society. Durkheim drew attention to anomie,or social disconnectedness,and studied suicide as a decision to renounce life. Following the Dreyfus affair,he came to regard education and religion as the most potent means of reforming humanity and molding new social institutions. His Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1915) is an anthropological study of the origins and functions of religion,which Durkheim saw as expressing the collective conscience of a society and producing social solidarity. He also wrote influential works on sociological method. He taught at the Universities of Bordeaux (1887-1902) and Paris (1902-17). See also Marcel Mauss.