小學英語句子成分分析

  對於小學的英語學習來說,英語句子的組成成分結構的學習很重要。下面是小編為大家帶來的,歡迎大家學習!

  

  什麼叫句子成分呢?句子的組成成分叫句子成分。在句子中,詞與詞之間有一定的組合關係,按照不同的關係,可以把句子分為不同的組成成分。句子成分由詞或片語充當。現代漢語裡一般的句子成分有六種,即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。英語的基本成分有七種:主語***subject***、謂語***predicate***、表語***predicative***、賓語***object***、定語***attribute***、狀語***adverbial*** 和補語***complement***。

  英語句子的基本結構可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型,是掌握各種英語句子結構的基礎。

  英語五種基本句型列式如下:

  一: S V ***主+謂***

  二: S V P ***主+系+表***

  三: S V O ***主+謂+賓***

  四: S V o O ***主+謂+間賓+直賓***

  五: S V O C ***主+謂+賓+賓補***

  基本句型 一:S V ***主+謂***

  主語:可以作主語的成分有名詞***如boy***,主格代詞***如you***,動詞不定式,動名詞等。主語一般在句首。注意名詞單數形式常和冠詞不分家!

  謂語:謂語由動詞構成,是英語時態、語態變化的主角,一般在主語之後。不及物動詞***vi.***沒有賓語,形成主謂結構,如:We come.

  此句型的句子有一個共同特點,即句子的謂語動詞都能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞,後面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。

  S │ V ***不及物動詞***

  1. The sun │was shining. 太陽在照耀著。

  2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。

  3. The universe │remains. 宇宙長存。

  4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。

  5. Who │cares? 管它呢?

  6. What he said │does not matter. 他所講的沒有什麼關係。

  7. They │talked for half an hour. 他們談了半個小時。

  8. The pen │writes smoothly 這支筆書寫流利。

  基本句型 二: S V P ***主+系+表***

  此句型的句子有一個共同的特點:句子謂語動詞都不能表達一個完整的意思,必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態的表語構成複合謂語,才能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做連繫動詞。系動詞分兩類:be, look, keep, seem等屬一類,表示情況;get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類,表示變化。be 本身沒有什麼意義,只起連繫主語和表語的作用。其它系動詞仍保持其部分詞義。感官動詞多可用作聯絡動詞:look well/面色好,sound nice/聽起來不錯,feel good/感覺好,smell bad/難聞

  S │V***是系動詞***│ P

  1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 這是本英漢辭典。

  2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的氣味很好。

  3. He │fell │in love. 他墮入了情網。

  4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看來都不同了。

  5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他長得又高又壯

  6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻煩的是他們缺少錢。

  7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我們井榦枯了。

  8. His face │turned │red. 他的臉紅了。

  There be 結構: There be 表示‘存在有’。這裡的there沒有實際意義,不可與副詞‘there那裡’混淆。

  此結構後跟名詞,表示‘***存在***有某事物’

  試比較:There is a boy there.***那兒有一個男孩。***/前一個there無實意,後一個there為副詞‘那裡’。

  基本句型 三: S V O ***主+謂+賓***

  此句型句子的共同特點是:謂語動詞都具有實義,都是主語產生的動作,但不能表達完整的意思,必須跟有一個賓語,即動作的承受者,才能使意思完整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞。賓語位於及物動詞之後,一般同主語構成一樣,不同的是構成賓語的代詞必須是‘代詞賓格’,如:me,him,them等

  S │V***及物動詞***│ O

  1. Who │knows │the answer? 誰知道答案?

  2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感謝。

  3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒絕幫他們。

  4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜歡看書。

  5. They │ate │what was left over. 他們吃了剩飯。

  6. He │said │"Good morning." 他說:"早上好!"

  7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。

  8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承認犯了錯誤。

  小學英語句子組成解析

  常用的英語句子並不都象基本句型這樣簡短,這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變外,通常是在這些成分的前面或後面增加一些修飾語***modifier***而加以擴大。這些修飾語可以是單詞***主要是形容詞、副詞和數詞***,也可以是各種型別的短語***主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語***。我們稱之為:定語、狀語

  一、 定語:定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子,漢語中常用‘……的’表示。定語通常位於被修飾的成分前。若修飾some,any,every,no構成的複合不定代詞時,***如:something、nothing***;或不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語時,則定語通常置後。副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之後。

  形容詞作定語:

  The little boy needs a blue pen.***little修飾名詞boy;blue修飾名詞pen.***/小男孩需要一支蘭色的鋼筆。

  Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是個英俊的男孩。

  There is a good boy./有個乖男孩。

  數詞作定語相當於形容詞:

  Two boys need two pens./兩個男孩需要兩支鋼筆。

  The two boys are students./這兩個男孩是學生。

  There are two boys in the room./房間裡有兩個男孩。

  代詞或名詞所有格作定語:

  His boy needs Tom\'s pen./他的男孩需要Tom的鋼筆。

  His name is Tom./他的名字是湯姆。

  There are two boys of Toms there./那兒有Tom家的兩個男孩。

  介詞短語作定語:

  The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室裡的男孩需要你的一支鋼筆。

  The boy in blue is Tom./穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯姆。

  There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有兩個9歲的,三個10歲的男孩。

  名詞作定語:

  The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圓珠筆。

  It is a ball pen./這是一支圓珠筆。

  There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./這鉛筆盒裡只有一支圓珠筆。

  副詞作定語:

  The boy there needs a pen./那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。

  The best boy here is Tom./這裡最棒的男孩是Tom。

  不定式作定語:

  The boy to write this letter needs a pen./寫這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。

  The boy to write this letter is Tom./將要寫這封信的男孩是湯姆。

  There is nothing to do today./今天無事要做。

  分詞***短語***作定語:

  The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那個微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。 The pen bought by her is made in China./她買的筆是中國產的。

  There are five boys left./有五個留下的男孩。

  定語從句:

  The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那個在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。

  The boy you will know is Tom./你將認識的男孩叫湯姆。

  There are five boys who will play the game./參加遊戲的男孩有五個。

  。

  狀語在句子中的位置很靈活,常見情況為:通常在句子基本結構之後,強調時放在句首;修飾形容詞或副詞時,通常位於被修飾的詞之前;表示時間、地點、目的的狀語一般位於句子兩頭,強調時放在句首,地點狀語一般須在時間狀語之前;一些表示不確定時間***如:often***或程度***如:almost***的副詞狀語通常位於be動詞、助動詞、情態動詞之後,動詞之前。

  有時狀語在句中的某個位置會引起歧義,應注意,如:The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室裡的女孩‘***此時in the classroom為girl的定語***,也可以理解為‘男孩在教室裡喊女孩’***此時in the classroom為地點狀語***,最好寫作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.\'

  副詞***短語***作狀語:

  The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。***程度狀語***

  The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母親買的那支鋼筆。***賓語較長則狀語前置***

  The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支鋼筆。***程度狀語***

  The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩現在需要一鋼筆。***時間狀語***

  介詞短語作狀語:In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室裡,男孩需要一支鋼筆。***地點狀語***

  Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母親面前,湯姆總是一個男孩子.***條件狀語*** On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室裡沒有學生.***時間狀語***

  分詞***短語***作狀語:

  He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那兒要一支筆。***表示伴隨狀態***

  Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因為不得不完成作業,男孩需要一支筆。***原因狀語***

  Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./***因為***受了驚嚇,他無聲地坐在那兒。***原因狀語***

  不定式作狀語:

  The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業。***目的狀語***

  To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./為實現夢想,湯姆變得對商業很有興趣.

  名詞作狀語:

  Come this way!/走這條路!***方向狀語***

  狀語從句:

  時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結果狀語從句、目的狀語從句

  比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句

  小學英語句子組成成分學習

  句子成分練習題*** 一 ***

  ***一***. 指出下列句中主語的中心詞

  ① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.

  ② There is an old man coming here.

  ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

  ④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.

  ***二*** 選出句中謂語的中心詞

  ① I don't like the picture on the wall.

  A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall

  ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.

  A. get B. longer C. days D. summer

  ③ Do you usually go to school by bus?

  A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus

  ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.

  A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon

  ⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?

  A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast

  ⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.

  A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework

  ⑦ What I want to tell you is this.

  A. want B. to tell C. you D. is

  ⑧ We had better send for a doctor.

  A. We B. had C. send D. doctor

  ⑨ He is interested in music.

  A. is B. interested C. in D. music

  ⑩ Whom did you give my book to?

  A. give B.did C. whom D. book

  ***三*** 挑出下列句中的賓語

  ① My brother hasn't done his homework.

  ② People all over the world speak English.

  ③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.

  ④ How many new words did you learn last class?

  ⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.

  ⑦ They made him monitor of the class.

  ⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.

  ⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.

  ⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.


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