寫作中要做好語句銜接與連貫
銜接是實現語句、語篇連貫的重要手段。語句或篇章如果缺乏必要的銜接,彼此之間就沒有內在的有機聯絡和符合邏輯的發展關係,行文也會雜亂無序,脈絡不清。連貫則是將語言內容有機地結合起來,使之符合邏輯,從而達到語言的規範性和準確性。銜接與連貫是語句、語篇的重要組成部分。下面是小編為您收集整理的,供大家參考!
銜接***cohesion***可分為語法銜接和詞彙銜接,語法銜接通過語法手段得以實現,包括照應***reference***,替代***substitution***、省略***ellipsis***,而詞彙銜接則通過重複***repetition***、同義詞***synonym***、反義詞***antonym***、上下義關係***hyponymy***等復現***reiteration***手段的使用來完成。
連貫***coherence***是指句子內部、句子和句子之間、段落內部、段落與段落之間是否有連線成分或銜接詞來說明彼此間的邏輯關係。行文中如果缺乏必要的連線成分,僅僅用標點符號連線的寫作手法在漢語中尚屬可行。可在英語中,這種僅用標點符號的連線方式會使所表達的內容含義模糊.如“我很累,一步也走不動了”一句,如果在英文中寫成下面兩種形式都是錯誤的:1***"I was very tired, couldn't move a step"; 2***"I was so tired that couldn't move astep.”第一句應該改成 I was very tired and couldn't move a step;第二句則應該在that後面重複主語“I",才能使句子意思清晰明確。但在漢語中卻是可行的,這就是英語與漢語之間的差別,學習寫作時應引起足夠重視。
什麼是主題句?有什麼特點?
主題句是表示全段中心思想的句子,是段落展開的基礎,它表明作者的態度、觀點、目的等.主題句一般簡明扼要,具有概括、抽象的特點。主題句是對文章段落意義的表述,文章中其他句子都受主題句的制約。換言之.文章段落的其他句子是對主題思想加以闡述、說明或論證,是語義層層擴充套件、步步深人的核心。由於主題句的概括、抽象等特點,也稱其為概述句。寫作時,不可將某個細節或具體事實當做主題句來寫。請看下段:
Machine scored test is called "objective" type. In an objective test, the students answerquestions by deciding on the best choice among a number of alternatives given. Another one isthe "completion" type. This kind of examination requires the students to add a word or phraseto a sentence. And the third type is the essay examination, in which the students are asked towrite a composition on a given topic.
這是一段沒有主題句的段落,因為段中任何一句都不能概括全段內容,各句各自為政,均只是分別說明三種考試的特點。試比較下面經過修改的段落:
There are three kinds of examinations. One is the machine scored "objective" type. In anobjective test, the students answer questions by deciding on the best choice among a numberof alternatives given. Another is the "completion" type. This kind of examination requires thestudents to add a word or phrase to a sentence. And the third type is the essay examination, inwhich the students are asked to write a composition on a given topic. All these kinds of examinations are designed to reveal what a student may have learned in any particular course.
通過與範例1進行比較,我們可以看到,處於段首的"Examinations are of three kinds"顯然是該段的主題句,因為這一句不僅具有概括全段的特點,而且全段的其他文字都是圍繞著三種考試形式展開的。該段新增.七主題句後,使得段落的發展有了中心,讀者讀起來主題明確,論據充分。同時,為了進一步體現段落的完整性,實現首尾相呼應,該段在段末新增上了結論句"All these kinds of examinations are designed to reveal what a student may have learned inany particular course",以達到對主題的進一步強調和突出.