關於董事會的訛傳雙語
許多公司治理專家非常關注與董事會相關的問題，因為董事會需要監督一家企業的方方面面如戰略、資本結構、風險、績效等，肩負著招聘和辭退CEO之責。接下來，小編給大家準備了,歡迎大家參考與借鑑。
由於董事會具有如此重要的地位，人們都希望企業在挑選董事會成員時能夠遵循一些最佳實踐，其中一些是監管機構和股票交易所的強制要求，還有一些是來自各路專家的建議。
但這些“最佳實踐”未必總能提高董事會的效率或質量，現在就讓我們揭穿7個所謂“最佳實踐”的真相。
訛傳1：董事長應該始終獨立
企業治理領域流傳最廣的信條之一，就是一家企業的CEO不應兼任董事長。過去10年裡，許多股東要求標普500指數成分股公司剝離這兩個職位，此類委託提案高達300多份。迪士尼、摩根大通和美國銀行等知名企業都收到過類似提案。
許多企業都遵從了這種要求。2014年，在標普500指數成分股公司中，CEO兼任董事長的企業只佔53%，較2005年的71%大幅降低。在同一時間段內，由完全獨立的外部人士出任董事長的企業則由9%上升至28%。
儘管有些人認為，保持獨立有利於董事長對企業和管理層進行更嚴格的監督，然而研究證據並不支援這一結論。一項研究發現，董事長是否獨立與企業運營績效並無統計學關聯。另一項研究則表明，沒有證據顯示這種獨立地位的改變不管是讓兩個職位合併還是剝離會影響企業未來的運營績效。有研究甚至發現，強迫剝離董事長與CEO職權，對企業的運營績效實際是有害的。那些迫於投資者壓力而拆分了這兩項職權的企業，往往會在宣佈決定的日期前後得到負面回報，運營績效也會隨之降低。
訛傳2：分期分級董事會制度必然不利於股東
很多人認為，分期分級董事會制度又稱董事輪換制使管理層感受不到市場壓力，因而不利於股東。在分期分級董事會架構下，董事會實際上是三年一選而不是一年一選，因為每年選舉的董事只佔董事會的三分之一。由於大多數董事無法在一年內替換，收購者也就無法在短期內搞定多數董事。所以說，分期分級董事會架構實際上形成了一種強大的反收購保護。正因為如此，許多企業管理專家都在批評這種制度。
過去10年內，採取分期分級董事會制度的企業大大減少，從2005年的57%下降到了2014年的32%。大盤股是取消這種董事會制度比例最大的公司型別。誠然，分期分級董事會在個別情況下不利於股東，比如有可能阻礙非常划算的收購機會，或是鞏固表現不佳的管理層，然而在多數情況下，這種董事會架構卻能夠改善企業績效。比如，它能逼退惡意收購者，從而確保企業的長期戰略不受干擾;再比如，它能夠保護管理層承擔較少的短期壓力，從而使企業敢於創新和承擔風險，研發暫時還不被市場理解的專有技術。
一項研究顯示，分期分級董事會制度有助於改善新上市企業的長期運營績效。此外還有研究表明，該架構有助於企業管理層放手進行長期投資，最終讓公司斬獲最大利益。
訛傳3：達到紐交所獨立標準的股東才算真正獨立
僅僅由於一名董事滿足紐交所的獨立董事標準，並不意味著向企業管理層提供建議或履行監督之責時，他或她就會保持真正獨立的態度。
在2009年的一項研究中，研究者分別對符合紐交所標準的獨立董事形式獨立和那些在教育、經驗、提拔等方面與CEO沒有關聯的董事社交獨立進行了調查。結果發現，與CEO有社交關係的董事，不管是否符合紐交所的獨董標準，都有可能會過於信任或依賴CEO，從而在行事上有失偏頗。另外他們更有可能向CEO支付更多薪水，同時更不願意辭退運營績效不佳的CEO。
其他一些研究也給出了類似的結論。比如一份研究發現，由CEO指定的董事更可能認同CEO的決定，因此他們的獨立度更低。在現任CEO任期內任命的董事成員比例越大，董事會監管職能的效果就越差。雖然獨立是外部董事的一個重要品質，但紐交所的標準未必能真正衡量出一名董事究竟獨立與否。
訛傳4：連鎖董事會降低公司治理質量
所謂“連鎖董事”Interlocked directorship，是指A公司某位高管擔任B公司的董事，B公司某位高管又擔任了A公司的董事。企業管理專家經常批評連鎖董事現象會產生“你好我好大家好”的心理，從而削弱董事會的獨立性和監督職能。雖然有些證據顯示，連鎖董事的確會造成這種現象，但也有研究表明，連鎖董事也可以有利於股東。
連鎖董事可以在董事之間建立起一張網路，從而促進資訊，以及戰略、運營和監督最佳實踐在相關公司之間流通。另外，連鎖董事的網路效應也可以作為企業重要的業務關係渠道，為企業介紹新客戶和供應商，並有助於企業獲得人才、資本和政治關係。
有研究表明，連鎖董事的網路效應提高了風投行業的績效。同時，如果幾家企業在高管層和董事層分享了關係網，那麼他們的投資政策往往更趨於近似，盈利水平也更高。還有一些研究發現，董事會與董事會之間的連鎖關係會帶來更成功的併購、更高的運營績效以及更高的股價回報。
訛傳5：CEO是最好的董事
許多專家都相信CEO是最好的董事，因為他們的管理知識使他們能為企業各方面的監督指導提供廣泛的幫助，比如在戰略、風險管理、接班人計劃、績效評估、股東與利益相關者關係等方面。股東們往往也相信這一點，因此每當有CEO被任命為董事，股東的反應都比較積極。但從經驗證據上看，這個結論還有待商榷。
研究發現，沒有證據能夠表明CEO董事能為企業的遠期運營績效或決策做出更突出的貢獻。研究還發現，CEO董事往往傾向於給CEO開更高的薪水。另外，海德思哲公司和斯坦福大學岩石企業治理中心聯合進行的一項調查表明，大多數的董事都認為，在職CEO往往忙於自己公司的事，沒法成為一名有效的董事會成員。過去15年裡，在企業新招募的獨董中，在職CEO的比重已經有所下降。很多企業都在招募低於CEO級別的高管或退休CEO擔任董事。
訛傳6：董事承擔著重大的債務風險
三分之二的董事認為，近年來董事面臨的債務風險呈上升勢頭，有15%的董事因擔心該職務有可能帶來個人債務而曾經認真考慮過辭職。不過，實際上，由董事掏私人腰包償還公司債務的風險還是比較低的。通過董事補償協議和董事與高管責任保險等措施，董事們實際上被給予了相當程度的保護。董事補償協議規定，當企業遭到股東集體訴訟，或陷入與信託義務有關的案件時，只要董事確係秉誠行事，企業就得補償董事的損失。董事與高管責任保險又加了一層額外保護，該保險的賠付範圍包括訴訟費用、調解費用和一定限額內的損失賠償。事實證明，這些手段能夠有效保護董事個人為企業“背鍋”。
一項研究顯示，在1980年到2005年的25年間，外部董事個人為企業承擔債務的案例即沒有獲得補償和保險賠償僅有12起。後續研究發現，在2006年至2010年間的所有訴訟中，沒有一位外部董事自掏腰包為企業“背鍋”雖然目前有些案件仍在審理。研?a href='//' target='_blank'>咳嗽弊芙岬潰?ldquo;在最新的保險政策保護下，董事個人承擔債務的風險是很低的。對於表現不佳的外部董事來說，最大的威脅是訴訟帶來的時間成本、事態的進一度惡化，以及對名譽的潛在影響，而非直接的經濟損失。”
訛傳7：公司的失敗總是董事會的錯
為了讓公司產生可以接受的回報率，企業必須要承擔風險，而風險偶爾也會導致失敗。如果失敗是由於戰略不成熟、風險承擔得太多、監督疲軟或公然欺詐導致的，那麼我們可以，也應該將失敗的責任歸咎於董事會。但如果失敗是由於競爭壓力、市場的意外變動導致的，甚至如果我們原本就預計到了可能出現較差的結果，那麼責任就在管理層身上，或者純粹是運氣不佳。
即便就董事會的監督職能而言，董事會也未必能發現每一起瀆職事件的徵兆。董事會掌握的企業運營資訊是有限的，它主要依賴管理層提供的資訊來了解他們的決策。除了少數情況下，董事會一般不會“越界”尋找資訊比如除非收到了舉報，或是基於對管理層語言和行動的觀察產生了一種不祥之感。
然而，有證據表明，董事會還是會因為虧損而受到懲罰。2005年的一項研究表明，在公司更正財務報表後，董事會成員換人的機率會顯著增加，誇大收益的企業的董事也容易被踢出董事會。與之類似，在金融危機期間擔任大型金融機構如美國銀行、美林、摩根斯坦利、美聯、華盛頓互惠銀行等的董事，也成為了旨在將他們踢出董事會的“反對票”運動的目標。
要想確定一名董事到底要承擔何種程度的責任，就應當公正地評估企業的失敗究竟是不是由他導致的，究竟是如何導致的，以及是否有理由相信他曾經設法阻止不良後果的發生。
本文作者David F. Larcker是斯坦福大學會計學教授，Brian Tayan是斯坦福商學院研究員。
Corporate governance experts pay considerable attention to issues involving boards of directors, and with good reason. Boards are responsible for monitoring all aspects of a business its strategy, capital structure, risk, and performance, hiring and firing the CEO, and answering to shareholders when something goes awry.
Because of the importance of these roles, companies are expected to adhere to best practices, some mandated by regulatory standards and stock exchange requirements and some advocated by experts.
But these “best practices” don’t always create better board effectiveness or quality. Here we debunk seven of these practices.
Myth 1: The chairman should always be independent.
One of the most widely held beliefs in corporate governance is that the CEO of a company should not serve as its chairman. In fact, over the last decade, companies in the S&P 500 Index received more than 300 shareholder-sponsored proxy proposals that would require a separation of the two roles. Shareholder groups have targeted prominent corporations including Walt Disney, JP Morgan, and Bank of America to strip their CEOs of the chairman title.
Companies, in turn, have moved toward separating the roles. Only 53% of companies in the S&P 500 Index had a dual chairman/CEO in 2014, down from 71% in 2005. Similarly, the prevalence of a fully independent chair increased from 9% to 28% over this period.
Despite the belief that an independent chair provides more vigilant oversight of the organization and management, the research evidence does not support this conclusion.One study found no statistical relationship between the independence status of the chairman and operating performance, while another found no evidence that a change in independence status separation or combination impacts future operating performance. Additional research actually found that forced separation is detrimentalto firm outcomes: Companies that separate the roles due to investor pressure exhibit negative returns around the announcement date and lower subsequent operating performance.
Myth 2: Staggered boards are always detrimental to shareholders.
Many believe that staggered boards harm shareholders by insulating management from market pressure. Under a staggered board structure, directors are elected to three-year rather than one-year terms, with one-third of the board standing for election each year. Because a majority of the board cannot be replaced in a single year, staggered boards are a formidable antitakeover protection, and for this reason many governance experts criticize their use. Over the last 10 years, the prevalence of staggered boards has decreased, from 57% of companies in 2005 to 32% in 2014. The largest decline has occurred among large capitalization stocks. While it is true that staggered boards can be detrimental to shareholders in certain settings — such as when they prevent otherwise attractive merger opportunities and entrench a poorly performing management — in other settings they have been shown to improve corporate outcomes. For example, they benefit shareholders when they protect long-term business commitments that would be disrupted by a hostile takeover or when they insulate management from short-term pressure, thereby allowing a company to innovate, take risk, and develop proprietary technology that is not fully understood by the market. One study found staggered boards improve long-term operating performance among newly public companies. Other studies also suggest that staggered boards can benefit companies by committing management to longer investment horizons.
Myth 3: Directors who meet NYSE independence standards are independent.
Just because a director satisfies the independence standards of the New York Stock Exchange does not mean he or she behaves independently when it comes to advising and monitoring management. For example, a 2009 study examined directors who are independent according to NYSE standards “conventionally independent” and those who are independent in their social relation to the CEO based on education, experiences, and upbringing “socially independent”. The researchers discovered that board members who share social connections can be biased to overly trust or rely on CEOs, regardless of whether they’re considered independent by NYSE standards. Those board members were more likely to pay CEOs more and less likely to fire a CEO following poor operating performance.
Other studies reach similar conclusions. One study found that directors appointed by a CEO are more likely to be sympathetic to his or her decisions and therefore less independent. The greater the percentage of the board appointed during the current CEO’s tenure, the worse the board performs its monitoring function. While independence is an important quality for an outside director to have, NYSE standards do not necessarily measure its presence or absence.
Myth 4: Interlocked directorships reduce governance quality.
Interlocked directorships occur when an executive of Firm A sits on the board of Firm B while an executive of Firm B sits on the board of Firm A. Corporate governance experts criticize board interlocks as creating psychological reciprocity that compromises independence and weakens oversight. While some evidence suggests that interlocking can create this effect, research also suggests that interlocking can be beneficial to shareholders. Interlocking creates a network among directors that can lead to increased information flow, whereby best practices in strategy, operations, and oversight are transferred across companies. Network effects created by interlocked directorships can also serve as an important conduit for business relations, client and supplier referrals, talent sourcing, capital, and political connections. For example, one study found thatnetwork connections improved performance among companies in the venture capital industry, while another found that companies that share network connections at the senior executive and the director level have greater similarity in their investment policies and higher profitability. These effects disappear when network connections are terminated. Other studies have found board connections lead to more successful mergers and acquisitions, and greater future operating performance and higher future stock price returns.
Myth 5: CEOs make the best directors.
Many experts believe that CEOs are the best directors because their managerial knowledge allows them to contribute broadly to firm oversight, including strategy, risk management, succession planning, performance measurement, and shareholder and stakeholder relations. Shareholders, too, often have this belief, reacting favorably to the appointment of CEOs to the board. But empirical evidence is less positive. Studies have found no evidence that a CEO board member positively contributes to future operating performance or decision-making and finds CEO directors are associated with higher CEO pay. Additionally, a survey by Heidrick& Struggles and the Rock Center for Corporate Governance at Stanford University finds that most corporate directors believe that active CEOs are too busy with their own companies to be effective board members. Over the last 15 years, the percentage of newly recruited independent directors with active CEO experience has declined. Companies instead are recruiting new directors who are executives below the CEO level or who are retired CEOs.
Myth 6: Directors face significant liability risk.
Two-thirds of directors believe that the liability risk of serving on boards has increased in recent years, and 15 percent of directors have thought seriously about resigning due to concerns about personal liability. However, the actual risk of out-of-pocket payment is low. Directors are afforded considerable protection through indemnification agreements and director and officer liability insurance. Indemnification agreements stipulate that the company will pay for costs associated with securities class actions and fiduciary duty cases, provided the director acted in good faith. Insurance provides an additional layer of protection, covering litigation expenses, settlement payments, and, in some cases, amounts paid in damages up to a specified limit. These protections have been shown to be effective in protecting directors from personal liability. One study found that in the 25 years between 1980 and 2005, outside directors made out-of-pocket payments — meaning unindemnified and uninsured — in only 12 cases. A follow-up study of lawsuits filed between 2006 and 2010 finds no cases resulting in out-of-pocket payments by outside directors although some of these cases are still ongoing. The authors conclude that “directors with state-of-the art insurance policies face little out-of-pocket liability risk. … The principal threats to outside directors who perform poorly are the time, aggravation, and potential harm to reputation that a lawsuit can entail, not direct financial loss.”
Myth 7: The failure of a company is always the board’s fault.
In order for a company to generate acceptable rates of returns, it must takes risks, and risks periodically lead to failure. If the failure was the result of a poorly conceived strategy, excessive risk taking, weak oversight, or blatant fraud, the board can and should be blamed. But if failure resulted from competitive pressure, unexpected shifts in the marketplace, or even poor results that fall within the range of expected outcomes, then blame lies with management or poor luck.
Even within the scope of its monitoring obligations, a board won’t necessarily detect all instances of malfeasance before they occur. The board has limited access to information about the operations of a company. In the absence of “red flags,” it relies on the information provided by management to inform its decisions. A board usually doesn’t seek information beyond this except in a few cases if it receives whistleblower information, for example, or believes management isn’t setting the right tone through words or behavior.
Still, evidence shows boards are punished for losses. A 2005 study showed that director turnover increases significantly following financial restatements and that board members of firms that overstate earnings tend to lose their other directorships as well. Similarly, directors who served on the boards of large financial institutions during the financial crisis such as Bank of America, Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, Wachovia, and Washington Mutual became targets of “vote no” campaigns to remove them from other corporate boards where they served.
The degree to which a director should be held accountable depends on a fair-minded assessment of whether and how the director might have contributed to the failure and whether it is reasonable to believe that he or she could have prevented it.
David F. Larcker is the James Irvin Miller Professor of Accounting and Brian Tayan is a researcher at Stanford GSB.