克利夫蘭

無政府主義(anarchism)

政治理論的一種，堅持不需要也不歡迎所有的政權統治形式，鼓吹一種基於志願合作和個人、群體自由聯絡的社會。法國作家蒲魯東（P. J. Proudhon）在所著《什麼是財產？》（What is Property?,1840）中第一次使用這個詞，一般學者公認他就是無政府主義運動的締造者。無政府主義者巴枯寧（Mikhail Bakunin）在「第一國際」（First International）會上與馬克思發生衝突，1872年第一國際解散，巴枯寧的追隨者繼續控制諸如西班牙、義大利等拉丁國家的工人組織。無政府主義者甚至認為要過渡到無政府的社會需要暴力革命，而不贊同政權自然轉移。無政府工團主義（anarcho-syndicalism）形成於1880年代末期，主張把工會當作工人階級直接行動的基礎，以癱瘓經濟和國家的大罷工為最高形式。19～20世紀無政府主義也鼓舞了英國新拉納克（New Lanark）和美國布魯克農場（Brook Farm）等實驗性團體的興起。1930年代法西斯主義壓制了無政府主義。第二次世界大戰後，革命式無政府主義喪失其舞臺，被那些自由意志主義者和共產主義其他支派所取代。

English version：

anarchism

Political theory holding all forms of government authority to be unnecessary and undesirable and advocating a society based on voluntary cooperation and free association of individuals and groups. The word was used only pejoratively until P.-J. Proudhon,now regarded as the founder of anarchism,adopted it in What is Property? (1840). The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin clashed with Karl Marx at the First International; when it was dissolved in 1872,Bakunin's followers retained control of workers' organizations in Latin countries such as Spain and Italy. Even anarchists who believed that the transition to a government-free society required violent revolution disagreed on the nature of the transition. Anarcho-syndicalism,which grew up in the late 1880s,based its ideology on labor unions (syndicats) rather than the individual,calling for general strikes to paralyze the state. In the 19th and 20th century,anarchism also inspired experimental communities,including New Lanark in Britain and Brook Farm in the U.S. Anarchism was suppressed by fascism in the 1930s,and revolutionary anarchism lost ground after World War II to a host of libertarian and communitarian variations.