英語寫作注意事項有哪些
對於絕大部分中國學生來說,學習英文寫作似乎只是為了一個目的——應試。的確,從基礎的中、高考,到大學英語四、六級,乃至高階段的TEM、TOEFL、IELTS,研究生入學考試等等,寫作一直是必考的內容之一。為了應付這些考試,同學們不得不機械地背誦大量程式化的片語、句子、甚至是範文。這種做法也許能在短期內提高我們的應試能力,可長此以往,英文寫作勢必會重蹈歷史的覆轍,演變成又一種“八股文”,這是我們所不願意看到的。那麼,怎樣才能真正提高自己的寫作能力呢?
1. 尤其在商業上,報章雜誌或公文書信上,儘量不用難字 ***big word*** 或過時的字眼 ***old-fashioned word***
例如:
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. ***許多人認為道德教育是高等知識的基礎*** ***如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白***
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion ***growth***. ***三百英畝的土地是本大學發展的限度*** ***如果用limit代替parameter,會更簡單易懂。***
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. ***這訊息已散佈到全美各地*** ***如果用spread取代disseminated,不更簡單?*** ***動詞時態是:spread, spread, spread***
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. ***這大學的校長個子不小*** ***假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白嗎?***
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. ***我要向我的員工解釋這份檔案*** ***如用explain代替elucidate,也許更明白。***
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. ***A 先生想嘗試當個醫生*** ***如果用try代替endeavor,會更淺白。*** ***endeavour = endeavor***
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. ***我們希望將來看到世界和平******如果用see代替visualize,也許更簡單!***
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. ***慈善機構要求我們一年一度樂捐******假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更淺白易懂。******solicitation是名詞***
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. ***當新老闆來後,我們不知會有什麼發生。*** ***如果用happen代替transpire,也許更明白。***
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. ***前面提過的事,請儘速辦理。******如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?***
這就像美國大文豪馬克吐溫 Mark Twain 也曾說過:「我不願在字典裡找長字或難字,我絕不用『metropolis』這個字,因為我同樣可以用『city』這個字來代替」。羅斯福總統為了強調美國政府不會遺忘那些窮人,在一篇講詞裡用了這麼一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」後來被人批評咬文嚼字,賣弄文筆。如果用淺白易懂的字眼寫成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也許更簡單明白!
2. 老外也主張不寫嚕囌或絢麗的字眼***flowery or wordy***,句子應該越短越好,一句能用兩個字,絕不多加一個。
例如:
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. ***現在我們應該為我們的目標團結一致******如果說:Now, we should pull......更簡單。因為 at this point in time = now***
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. ***雖然我的英語不好,但我不灰心。*** ***如果說:Although my English is not...... 就更簡短。因為despite the fact tha t= although = Though***
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. ***我想李先生應該辭職*** ***假如說:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更簡單嗎?因為I am of the opinion = I think***
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. ***他由於生病而辭職*** ***若說:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更簡單。因為 due to the fact that = because***
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.***他通常喜歡騎單車到辦公室*** ***如果說:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更簡單。因為 in the majority of cases = usually***
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. ***她喜歡茶而不是咖啡*** ***若說:She prefers tea rather......更簡短清楚,因為 show a preference for = prefer***
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. ***我要通知王先生***
如果只說:I will tell Mr. Wang ***about the matter***. 不是更簡單嗎?因為 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform*** ***句子最後面:「about the matter」可以省去***; 同理,也要避免意義的重複或用字的多餘 ***redundant***; 例如:
The consensus***of opinion***is that we have to act right away.***大家認為我們必須立即行動******of opinion 可以省去,因為 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意見。***
The letter shows that the problem***continues to***remain unsolved.***他的信顯示問題尚未解決******continue to 是多餘的字,因為 remain 已經有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成為:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.***
He has made his ***final*** conclusion in his speech.***他在演說裡做出結論*** ***final 是多餘的字,因為 conclusion 已經含有 final 的意思。***
He has had many years of ***actual*** experience in business。***他有多年經商的經驗*** ***actual 也是多餘的字,因為 experience 已有 actual 的意味***
We assembled ***together*** all the parts for our radio.***我們裝好收音機的零件******因為 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多餘的***
Enclosed ***herewith *** please find the report of the meeting.***herewith 是多餘的字,因為 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思******即:附上會議報告,請查收***
寫到這裡,想起一位深受美國人民愛戴,一向主張不寫長句、不嚕囌的美國已故參議員 Stephen Young,他每次受邀參加會議、演講、宴會時,他的回信只有三個字「我會到」***I'll be there***......。也有人打趣的說:「講演或寫作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」***Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.***
此外還有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。
3.老外為了族群和諧相處,除不用歧視或偏見的字眼外,連男女性別,也要避免區別,以示「平等」。
例如:
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。***人類是世上最聰明的動物***= Man is the smartest animal......。 ***如果改為:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings*** ***注意:mankind 後面動詞要用多數,而 man 的後面動詞,則用單數***
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. ***發展這裡的經濟,似乎缺乏人力資源。******如果說:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就沒有「男性主義」的感覺。可見 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources***
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.***這個小公司昨天請來一名清潔女工******如果說:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就沒有男女之分了***
He ***she*** has been a committee chairman ***chairwoman*** since 1998. ***自從1998年他就是委員會主席*** ***假如把chairman或chairwoman改為chairperson或chair,就沒有男女之分。*** ***如指討論會的主持人,也可稱為 moderator 或 coordinator。***
Many businessmen ***businesswomen*** feel their jobs are very stressful.***許多商人覺得工作壓力很大******如果把 businessmen ***businesswomen*** 改為 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了******凡是單數 man 或 woman,其多數都是 men 或 women。***
Policemen ***policewomen*** should treat citizens with courtesy.***警察對人民應該有禮貌******假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改為 police officers 就可避免男女性別***
Congressmen ***congresswomen*** should speak up for their constitutes. ***國會議員應該為其選民說話******constitute = voter*** ***我們也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改為 members of congress 或 congressional representatives***
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.***國際航線的空中小姐有時會有時差疲憊的現象******如把 stewardess 改為 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服務員。***
同理,我們可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改為 salesperson;把 mailman 改為 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改為 supervisor 等等。
當然,一些帶有種族偏見的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道***insulting words 或 slur***,也要儘量避免使用,以免鬧出麻煩。例如:
對黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger***用 Black 還可以***,禮貌的說法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;
對白人不要用 Honky***這是黑人罵白人的用字***,正確用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;
對猶太人不要用 Hymies,應該叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;
對越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;
至於墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正確的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不過據說西班牙人為了維護自己的文化,倒喜歡別人稱為 Spaniard。 更多資訊請訪問:
還有黑白結婚的孩子,也不可稱為 Oreo***Oreo 餅乾外面是巧克力,裡面是白奶油***。
有偏見的老外,不叫華人為 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman***從前還叫「Yellow Peril」,即黃禍***。遇到這種事,怎麼辦呢?我建議:「君子不與小人鬥」,最好是「不理」***ignore***或「走開」***walk away***。不過老外與你談話時,如果使用這些不禮貌的字眼,那麼你就可以說:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory***或 inappropriate***to describe someone of my race.」***只想讓你知道:你剛剛所用的字,來描寫我的族群,是很不合適的***。這時,你也可說一句「拜拜」了。