學習英語的被動語態

　　英語動詞被動語態在語法書上都有詳略不同的交代，但大都著重它的構成形式，例證則往往不夠。接下來，小編給大家準備瞭如何,歡迎大家參考與借鑑。

　　英語動詞被動語態似乎在英語句子中比在漢語句子中更多出現，這點是我國初學者所經常忽略的。在某些句子中，英語總是用被動語態、而漢語則絕不能用，如“Shakespeare was born in 1564./Moliere was born in Paris”。初學英語的人接觸到這樣被動語態的句子恐不免感到奇怪，因為我們在漢語中慣於說"生於某某年"或"某某年生"，"生於巴黎"或"在巴黎出生"，從來不說一個人"被生出"。

　　在另一些句子中，英語可用主動及被動兩種語態，漢語則傾向於用主動，如“Everybody likes him./He is liked by everybody”。漢語"人人喜歡他"看來比"他被人人喜歡"更現成和自然。有人以為這有一個強調的問題，用作主語的詞是加以強調的。即令如此，按照英語結構寫成的"他被大家喜歡"這樣的句子，總是彆扭。

　　下面就十個類別，舉出一些句子，說明英語某些動詞用於某一意義或在某一場合中常作被動語態。類別當然不能只是十個，這兒僅舉常見的。每個類別下也只舉五個句子，句子中的動詞彼此不一樣。為方便起見，句子首先採用大家熟知的 The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English***ALD***，其次是 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English***LDCE***，必要時從其他英美書刊補充少數句子，但不註明出處。

　　1.關於生病

　　The left lung is affected1. _____ALD

　　He is confined to the house by illness. ____ ALD

　　He was seized with sudden chest pains. ____LDCE

　　He’s been troubled with a bad back since he was a child. ____LDCE

　　John was Invalided2 out of the army.

　　上面這些句子中被動語態在英語中很習慣化，如將動詞改為主動語態，有不同程度的不順。用漢語表達這些句子中的同樣的概念，就可以不一定用被動語態。

　　2.關於疲倦睏乏

　　He was doneup afterthe long ride. ALD

　　He was knocked uP after the longsteen climb. _____ ALD

　　He was almost fagged out. ______ ALD

　　I’m completely exhausted3.____LDCE

　　I was spent with the fatigue4 of the voyage.

　　漢語說"累了"、"累垮了"極普通。如說由於某種原因而"累了"、"累垮了"，至少在結構上不用被動語態。這和第一類的例子是一致的。

　　3.關於喜悅、高興

　　I was delighted to hear the news of your success._____ALD

　　We’re very pleased to see you here._____ALD

　　On hearing of the victory，the nation was transported with joy._____ALD

　　She was enchanted5 with the flowers you sent her. _____ALD

　　The children were fascinated by the toys in the shopwindows._____ ALD

　　漢語如說"被高興"，將不成文理，說"使……高興"或"為……高興"，那也不能照英語被動語態去處理。事實上這頭一句話照漢語是"我高興地聽到……"這雖帶點歐化，但目前也通行了。最常見的恐怕還是"聽到……我高興"。無論如何。漢語說"高興"，不能如英語那樣用被動語態。

　　4.關於阻塞、拖延：

　　We’re been held up by fog. _____ ALD

　　The mountain roads were obstructed6 by falls of rock._____ALD

　　The train was delayed two hours. _____ALD

　　I was hindered from getting here.____ALD

　　The harbour was blocked by ice._____ALD

　　這第二句ALD英漢雙解本譯成"山路被落下石頭所阻塞"。嚴格地說這句譯文似乎欠流暢，尤其不能用於口語。當然，凡是阻力，總是外來的阻力，施於受事的主語，主語處於被動地位，但漢語不能採取英語的被動語態形式而完全不加變動。

　　5、關於習慣

　　He is quite used to hard work.____ALD

　　This is not the kind of treatment I am accustomed to. _____ALD

　　He is addicted8 to smoking. _____ALD

　　The old soldier was inured9 to danger. ____LDCE

　　He is given to long walks. _____LDCE

　　英語中有些動詞，由於常用於被動語態，詞典中對它們的分詞***participle***形式另立專條著錄，成為獨立的詞，其功能相當於形容詞。以上例句中的動詞就是典型的例子。例如，詞典一般既有use這一專條***不定式動詞***，又有 used;既有 accustom7，又有 accustomed;既有give，又有given。但如inure及addict，在 ALD上只註明"常用於被動"***usu.passive***，尚未另立inured和 addicted專條，其他詞典也大體是這樣，雖然addicted還可以作為形容詞，看成是獨立的詞條。然而不管這些詞是否帶有形容詞的性質，在上面的句子中卻具有被動語態的作用。

　　6.關於苦惱、心煩意亂

　　He was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed.____ALD

　　She is easily upset emotionally.____ALD

　　He was vexed10 at his failure. ____ ALD

　　He was disturbed to hear of your illness.______ALD

　　I felt harassed11 by all the work of the office._____LDCE

　　苦惱等情緒當然是引起的，因此英語中的被動語態似乎說明了是由於什麼引起的，但要注意第一句She is easily upset emotionally.不必指出原因。

　　7.關於驚訝或震驚

　　I was astonished to see him there. ____ALD

　　I’m surprised he didn’t come._____ALD

　　He was shocked to hear his daughter swearing. _____ALD

　　He was startled to see him looking so ill._____ALD

　　He was astounded12 when he heard he had won._____ALD

　　一個正常的人無故不會大驚小怪。但是我們說"吃驚"、"大吃一驚"或"使……吃驚"和"使……大吃一驚"等也就夠了，不同於英語的被動表現形式。

　　8.關於圍繞、包圍

　　His land is fenced with barbed wire.____ALD

　　Troy was besieged13 by the Greeks for ten years._____ALD

　　The troops were surrounded._____ALD

　　The cliffedge is dangerous and should be railed._____LDCE

　　Japan is compassed about by the ocean.____LDCE

　　對於以上第二句，第三句及第五句，漢語是可以用"被包圍"這類說法的，但對第一句的"is fenced with，"如說"有籬笆圍住"就行了，不一定要說"被用籬笆圍住"。至於第四句中"should be railed"，英語的被動語態在漢語中也難以表達。我們通常說：應該用欄杆圍起來"，或"應該把它用欄杆圍起來"，而不是"應該被用欄杆圍起來"。

　　9.關於玷汙、汙染

　　His reputation is tarnished14._____ALD

　　My car was mired15. ____ ALD

　　The river was contaminated with water from the factory. ____ LDCE

　　Your fingers are stained with ink.

　　That cheese is mildewed16.

　　和第三句的contaminated意義近似的動詞如pollute及 defile等，也常用於被動語態。我們說，"出汙泥而不染"，不是"……而不被染"。

　　10.關於惶惑、慌亂

　　I was confounded to hear that. ____ALD

　　They sked so many questions that I got confused. _____ALD

　　Tom was bewildered by the examination questions.____ALD

　　He was puzzled what to do next. ____ ALD