有關藥的英語文章
藥物產品並不是天然生成的自然品,而是人類文明的產物,是人類通過對自然化學物質進行有針對性的分解和組合而最終形成的,對疾病尤其是人類疾病具有預防或治療作用的人造化學物質產品。下面是小編帶來的，歡迎閱讀!
1
舉重場沒了興奮劑 觀眾還買賬嗎?
RIO DE JANEIRO — The brothers Dan and AnthonyRigney of Australia attended the Olympic weight lifting competition on Sunday and were notexactly mortified that the sport is more polluted than Guanabara Bay.
里約熱內盧——澳大利亞的丹和安東尼•裡格尼Dan and Anthony Rigney兄弟去週日的奧運舉重比賽。對於這個專案的受汙染情況比瓜納巴拉灣更甚這一點，他們並不覺得難堪。
Sure, they want athletes to be drug free, but they also want to be entertained by raw humanpower. So yes, they would have preferred to see the Russian and Bulgarian teams, which werebarred for doping. Likewise with Ilya Ilyin, a suspended two-time Olympic champion fromKazakhstan, who is the Barry Bonds of the clean and jerk.
當然，他們希望運動員遠離藥物，但他們也希望從赤裸裸的人類力量中得到娛樂。因此，沒錯，他們是樂於看到因興奮劑問題被禁賽的俄羅斯和保加利亞隊參加比賽的。哈薩克被禁賽的兩屆奧運冠軍得主伊利亞•伊雷因Ilya Ilyin也是這樣。他是挺舉專案中的巴里•邦茲Barry Bonds。
“You like to see world records,” said Dan Rigney, 28, a physio therapist and competitive lifterfrom Sydney. “It’s like baseball. People just want to see home runs.”
“人們喜歡看到世界紀錄，”來自悉尼的28歲理療師、舉重運動員丹•裡格尼Dan Rigney說。“就像棒球一樣。人們只想看本壘打。”
There has long been a wink-and-nod pragmatism about weight lifting. Drugs have been ahushed but vital part of doing business. If there is an argument to be made that any sportshould permit doping, or even make it mandatory, that sport is weight lifting.
長期以來，舉重一直存在一種心照不宣的實用主義。藥物是舉重比賽中默默無聞但至關重要的一部分。如果說這世上有什麼運動是應該允許使用興奮劑，甚至強制要求使用興奮劑的，那就是舉重了。
“Maybe it already is,” Dan Rigney said with a laugh, adding that, in his view, doping “is what’skeeping the Olympics going.”
“也許已經是這種情況了，”丹•裡格尼大笑著說。他還表示，在他看來，興奮劑“是使奧運會能夠繼續下去的原因”。
Let’s be honest. We don’t want to see anybody lift a keg. We want to see someone hoist aBuick.
讓我們坦誠些。我們想看的不是一個人舉起一個小桶。我們想看的是有人舉起一輛別克Buick。
We are nostalgic for champions like Vasily Alekseyev, the great Soviet superheavyweight whowon gold medals in 1972 and 1976. He set 80 world records and was the first person to lift 500pounds in the clean and jerk. He was so massive that his uniform fit like a chin strap on abowling ball. And those sideburns — great thickets wide and deep enough to plant potatoes.
我們懷念像瓦西里•阿列克謝耶夫Vasily Alekseyev那樣的冠軍。偉大的蘇聯超重量級舉重運動員阿列克謝耶夫曾分別在1972年和1976年獲得金牌。他創造了80項世界記錄，也是在挺舉專案中舉起500磅約合230公斤的第一人。他的身型非常魁梧，以至於比賽服穿在他身上就像一根頦帶繃在保齡球上。還有那鬢角——一片茂盛的灌木叢，寬度和厚度足以種土豆。
Oh, sure, we say we are against doping in sports. But we don’t care enough to stop buyingtickets or watching on television. And let’s ask ourselves this: Would anyone stay tuned if theOlympic champion ran the 100 meters in 15 seconds instead of nine? Who would watch theN.F.L. if linemen were built more like Gilligan than the Skipper?
哦，當然，我們嘴裡說我們反對在體育運動中使用興奮劑。但我們對此的重視程度還不至於停止買票或是停止在電視上看比賽。並且我們自問：如果奧運冠軍跑100米的用時是15秒而不是9秒，你會不換臺嗎?如果鋒線球員長得更像吉利根Gilligan而不是船長兩人都是六十年代美國情景喜劇《吉利根島》中的人物，前者身形瘦削，後者則非常魁梧。——譯註，誰還要看國家橄欖球聯盟NFL的比賽?
Most fans seem to view doping in the same way they view special effects in “Star Wars” movies,said Charles Yesalis, a retired Penn State professor and an expert on performance-enhancingdrugs.
賓西法尼亞州立大學Penn State退休教授、研究提高成績的藥物的專家查爾斯•耶薩利斯Charles Yesalis表示，大部分體育迷對興奮劑的態度，和對《星球大戰》Star Wars系列電影裡的特效是一樣的。
“It enhances the enjoyment of viewing because you see bigger-than-life people doing bigger-than-life things,” Yesalis said in a recent interview. “If everybody looked like normal people,chances are the N.C.A.A., the N.F.L. and the Olympics would not be multibillion-dollar entities.”
“它會增加觀看比賽的樂趣，因為你看到的是超越現實世界的人在做超越現實世界的事情，”耶薩利斯最近接受採訪時說。“如果所有人看上去都和普通人一樣，全美大學生體育協會NCAA、NFL和奧運會可能就不是身家數十億美元的實體了。”
Before the Games, international sports officials tossed out assorted male and female liftersfrom Azerbaijan, Armenia, Cyprus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, North Korea, Romania, Turkey,Ukraine and Uzbekistan, a Fodor’s guide through the world of banned substances.
奧運會開幕前，國際體育官員取消了亞塞拜然、亞美尼亞、塞普勒斯、哈薩克、摩爾多瓦、朝鮮、羅馬尼亞、土耳其、烏克蘭和烏茲別克的眾多舉重運動員的參賽資格，其中有男有女，就像一本福多爾公司Fodor's出版的違禁藥物世界旅遊指南。
Olympic weight lifting without Russia and Bulgaria is like Harry Potter without Lord Voldemortand Bellatrix Lestrange if those villains wore spandex and had necks the size of Easter hams.The competition will go on, but it won’t be the same.
奧運舉重專案沒了俄羅斯和保加利亞，就如同《哈里•波特》Harry Potter沒了伏地魔和貝拉特里克斯•萊斯特蘭奇如果這兩個壞蛋穿上斯潘德克斯彈性纖維做成的隊服，並且脖子粗得和復活節吃的火腿一樣的話。比賽會繼續，但不會是原來的樣子。
Until recently, weight lifting officials had mostly turned the other way, keenly understandingthat the final word of the Olympic motto, “Faster, Higher, Stronger,” is not easily achieved overthe counter.
就在前不久，舉重官員大多仍對此視而不見，強烈地認為奧林匹克格言“更快、更高、更強”中的最後一項沒有藥方是無法實現的。
Of course, with the Rio Games upon us, the International Weightlifting Federation is suddenlyaffronted. It has called revelations of widespread doping in Russia “shocking anddisappointing” and has said that the “integrity of the weight lifting sport has been seriouslydamaged.”
當然了，在我們迎來里約奧運會之際，國際舉重聯合會International Weightlifting Federation突然被觸怒了。它表示，已經被揭露出來的俄羅斯運動員普遍使用興奮劑的情況“令人震驚和失望”;它還說，“舉重運動的尊嚴受損”。
Integrity? Now they worry about integrity?
尊嚴?現在他們擔心起尊嚴來了?
There were 24 positive tests at the world weight lifting championships last year, and retestingof urine samples from the 2008 Beijing Games and the 2012 London Games revealed at least20 additional positives, including four from Olympic champions, according to the news agencyAgence France-Presse.
去年，針對世界舉重冠軍所做的尿檢，結果呈陽性的共有24例。據法新社Agence France-Presse報道，重新檢測來自2008年北京奧運會和2012年倫敦奧運會的尿樣，讓陽性結果至少又多出了20個，其中4份陽性尿樣來自奧運冠軍。
Essentially, comedy has become reality.
實際上，喜劇已經變成了現實。
Remember that “Saturday Night Live” sketch, with Phil Hartman playing a Soviet weight lifternamed Sergei Akmudov at the All Drug Olympics?
還記得《週六夜現場》Saturday Night Live的一個小品嗎?菲爾•哈特曼Philip Hartmann在《藥林匹克運動會》All Drug Olympics裡扮演名叫謝爾蓋•阿克穆多夫Sergei Akmudov的蘇聯舉重運動員。
“His trainer has told me that he’s taken anabolic steroids, Novocain, NyQuil, Darvon and somesort of fish paralyzer,” the announcer, played by Kevin Nealon, says earnestly.
“他的教練告訴我，他喝下了合成代謝類固醇、普魯卡因、奈奎爾、達爾豐以及某種啤酒，”由凱文•尼倫KevinNealon扮演的主持人一本正經地說道。
“Also, I believe he’s had several cocktails within the last hour or so,” the announcer says. “Allthis, of course, is perfectly legal at the All Drug Olympics. In fact, it’s encouraged.”
“此外，我相信他在最後一小時左右喝下了若干種雞尾酒，”主持人說道。“當然了，所有這些在‘藥林匹克運動會’上都是完全合乎規定的。事實上，這種做法還受到了鼓勵。”
Akmudov tries to lift more than 1,500 pounds, triple the world record in the clean and jerk,except for one small problem.
阿克穆多夫試圖舉起1500英鎊的重量，是世界挺舉紀錄的三倍，但出現了一點小問題。
“Oh, he’s pulled his arms off!” the witless announcer yells. “He’s pulled his arms off! That’s gotto be disappointing to the big Russian.”
“哦，他把自己的胳膊扯下來了!”嚇傻了的主持人喊道。“他把自己的胳膊扯下來了!俄羅斯大塊頭肯定很失望。”
With the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dismantling of the Soviet Union, the Olympics lost agripping appeal for many Americans — the rivalry between East and West. With Russia nowabsent from Rio in weight lifting and track and field, that enthralling tension erodes furtherstill.
隨著柏林牆的倒塌和蘇聯的解體，對許多美國人而言，奧運會失去了一種扣人心絃的吸引力，一種東西方相互較勁的意味。由於俄羅斯缺席了里約奧運會的舉重和田徑專案，那種令人著迷的張力進一步被削弱了。
“There was no one to root against,” Matt Futterman wrote last month in The Wall StreetJournal, lamenting the parting of the Iron Curtain for international sport. “It was like watching aBond film in which everyone was working for MI6.”
“沒人可供喝倒彩了，”上個月，馬特•福特曼Matt Futterman在《華爾街日報》上感嘆說，國際體育界的“鐵幕”正在消失。“這就好比觀看一部所有人都為軍情六處MI6工作的邦德片。”
One wonders whether medals won in Rio will be devalued in particular sports, as they werewhen the United States boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics and the Soviet Unionreciprocated at the 1984 Los Angeles Games.
有人不禁要問，里約奧運會某些特定專案的獎牌是否會貶值，就像美國在1980年抵制莫斯科奧運會，蘇聯在1984年還以顏色，抵制洛杉磯奧運會時一樣。
“Weight lifting is so riddled with doping problems, it’s hard to call any medal devalued,” said BillMallon, an Olympic historian.
“舉重專案被興奮劑問題搞得千瘡百孔，獎牌貶值幾乎無從談起，”奧運歷史學家比爾•馬龍Bill Mallon說。
And to be sure, many people in weight lifting have applauded the mass suspensions. “Rules arerules,” said Mika Tiainen, Finland’s Olympic coach. “Lifting makes the competition, not thecountry.”
而且可以肯定，舉重領域的很多人都會為大規模禁賽叫好。“規則就是規則，”芬蘭奧運教練米卡•蒂艾寧MikaTiainen說。“舉重所成就的是競爭，而非某個國家。”
Still, it would surprise no one if the retesting of urine samples from Rio led to the stripping ofmedals in coming years. Anthony Rigney, 33, a teacher, said he had seen a meme online: “Ican’t wait until 2024 to see who won the gold in Rio.”
不過，如果在未來幾年裡，重新檢測來自里約奧運會的尿樣導致一些人的獎牌被剝奪，那也沒什麼好奇怪的。現年33歲的教師安東尼裡格尼Anthony Rigney說他在網上看過一個米姆meme：“到2024年就知道誰在里約奪冠了，好期待。”
詞霸君：對於舉重運動員服用興奮劑你們怎麼看??
2
Mis-selling drugs.
違規銷售藥物。
The settlers.
和解者。
American prosecutors wring $3 billion from GlaxoSmithKline.
美國檢察官提請對葛蘭素史克公司處以30億美元罰款。
PATRIOTIC pundits might make something of the timing, just before America's IndependenceDay. As Americans prepared to celebrate the settlers who stuck it to the British in 1776, theirgovernment stuck it to a British drug firm. On July 2nd the Justice Department announceddetails of a $3 billion payment from GlaxoSmithKline, the old country's biggest pharmaceutical-maker. The deal, which resolves a pile of criminal and civil charges, is the largest health-fraudsettlement in American history.
正當美國人準備為紀念1776年打退英國人的移民者慶祝時，他們的政府卻在不依不饒地起訴一家英國製藥公司。這件事正好發生在美國獨立日到來之前，一些愛國評論人士可能就這點大做文章。7月2日，美國司法部門公佈了有關葛蘭素史克公司30億美元鉅額賠款的細節，該公司是英國這個老牌國家最大的製藥業公司。這次判決解決了一系列刑事和民事指控，成為美國曆史上最大的一起醫藥欺詐和解案。
The size of the deal is not new-it was announced in November-but the details are. Glaxoagreed to plead guilty to three criminal counts: the misbranding of two antidepressants andthe failure to tell regulators about safety data for a diabetes drug. Those plea deals included$1 billion in payments. Glaxo also agreed to an additional $2 billion to settle civil charges underthe False Claims Act.
這次和解的金額並非是什麼新聞——在去年11月份就已向公眾宣佈——但具體如何分配這些金額卻是剛剛公佈。早在去年11月份就已向公眾公佈的和解的金額並非是什麼新聞，真正算得上是新聞的其實是如何具體來分配這些金額----Grace_Die的版本葛蘭素史克公司已就三項刑事指控認罪：濫用兩種抗抑鬱藥的商標、未向監管部門提交一種糖尿病藥物的安全資料。這些認罪協議包括10億美元的賠償金。在《反欺騙政府法》的規定下，葛蘭素史克公司還將另外賠償20億美元用以解決民事指控。
Glaxo allegedly used spa treatments, trips to Hawaii and hunting excursions to coax doctors towrite prescriptions for unapproved uses of certain drugs. In the case of Paxil, anantidepressant, Glaxo was said to have promoted a journal article that overstated the drug'sbenefits for children.
據稱，葛蘭素史克公司曾為一些醫生的水療服務、夏威夷旅遊、狩獵等買單，藉此讓醫生為某些藥物未經批准的用途開具處方。據稱該公司還極力推廣一篇誇大了抗抑鬱藥帕羅西汀對兒童的藥效的期刊論文。
In recent years, American prosecutors have accused nearly every big drug firm of nefarioussales tactics. Several have settled see table, including Abbott Laboratories in May $1.5 billionand Pfizer in 2009 $2.3 billion. To pursue these cases, the department has used an old buthandy statute. The False Claims Act was passed during the civil war, to stop contractors fromswindling the Union army. Congress gave it new life in 1986, promising big payouts for citizenswho blew the whistle on firms that defrauded the government.
近年來，幾乎每一家大型製藥公司都因非法銷售策略遭到了美國檢察官的控告。有些案件已經得到解決見圖表，包括5月份的雅培公司案件賠償15億美元和2009年的輝瑞公司案件賠償23億美元。在這些案件中，美國司法部搬出了一部古老卻十分便利好用的法規——《反欺騙政府法》。此法規是在美國內戰時為了阻止承包商欺詐美國聯邦軍而通過的。1986年，美國國會賦予這部法規新的生命：公民只要揭發檢舉公司的欺詐政府行為就能獲得大筆獎勵。
At first defence contractors were the main targets. More recently, drug firms have been a goldmine. Firms have been particularly vulnerable to charges of "off-label marketing". America barsdrug firms from promoting their pills for uses not approved by regulators. But doctors are freeto prescribe drugs for such uses, which is why drug reps schmooze them.
起初，國防承包商是主要的被揭發目標。最近，製藥公司又成了發財的金礦山。這些公司特別容易受到"將藥物用在其還未被批准的用途上或其他年齡段的病人身上、違規使用藥物劑量、違規以某種形式使用藥物"等等這類控告。美國禁止製藥公司推廣不為藥品監管機構所批准的藥用功能，但醫生可以自由地根據藥物功能給病人開處方，這也就是為什麼藥品銷售員要在醫生面前阿諛奉承。
Are huge fines enough to curb dodgy drug peddling? Glaxo insists that it has reformed. Thefirm says it has fired some of those involved in transgressions, though it has not disclosednumbers or names. It has also changed internal incentives for drug salespeople, todiscourage mis-selling. As part of its "corporate integrity agreement" with the JusticeDepartment, it now may revoke an executive's bonus if he or a subordinate engages in shadydeeds.
鉅額罰款能有效阻止狡猾的製藥商嗎?葛蘭素史克公司堅持稱它已經採取了改革措施：公司辭退了涉及此次犯罪事件的職員，但並未公開辭退的員工人數及其姓名;公司還改變了內部的激勵措施以阻止違規銷售藥品。根據該公司與司法部的"企業誠信協議"，如果一個經理或其下屬參與不法行為，那麼他的獎金將有可能被剝奪。
Patrick Burns of Taxpayers Against Fraud, an advocacy group, is not impressed. Individualexecutives pocket the benefits of malpractice, whereas stockholders pay the fines that result.So the way to deter future wrongdoing would be to punish individual executives, he says. Thefear of jail might make them think twice before overpromoting a pill.
來自納稅人免受欺詐倡導組織的帕特里克?伯恩斯認為此舉並無成效。個別高管從不法行為中獲取暴利，而賠償金卻要由股東來承擔。因此，他說，想要預防此類違法行為再次發生就必須採取懲罰個別高管的方法。對其進行監禁的恫嚇力可能會促使他們在誇大藥物藥效前三思而行。
3
Can a vaccine stop drug abuse?
疫苗能阻止藥物濫用嗎?
It may be possible to vaccinate people against addictive drugs
人們也許能通過疫苗來阻止成癮藥物的使用
THE idea of vaccinating drug addicts against their affliction is an intriguing one.
對藥物濫用者進行免疫來對抗他們受到的折磨是一個吸引人的課題。
In principle, it should not be too hard.
原理上，這應該不會太難。
The immune system works, in part, by making antibodies that are specific to particular sorts of hostile molecule.
免疫系統可以部分參與產生那些針對某些有害分子的抗體。
Such antibodies recognise and attach themselves to these molecules, rendering them harmless.
這些抗體可以識別並與那些有害分子結合，使他們變成對身體無害的物質。
Vaccines work by presenting the immune system with novel targets, so that it can learn to react to them if it comes across them again.
疫苗則是通過向免疫系統提供新的靶物質的方法起作用的，因此當免疫系統再次遇到這些物質時，它就會知道該如何作出反應。
The problem is that the molecules antibodies recognise and react to are the big ones, such as proteins, that are characteristic of bacteria, viruses and other infectious agents.
問題是抗體能識別和做出反應的分子是大分子，比如蛋白質，這是細菌，病毒和其他致病原的特徵。
Small molecules, such as drugs, go unnoticed.
小分子，如毒品，就不被識別了。
But not for much longer, if Kim Janda of the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego has his way.
如果位於聖迭戈斯克裡普斯研究所的金-簡達有解決辦法的話，這種情況就能結束了。
In a paper just published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, Dr Janda and his colleagues suggest how a vaccine against methamphetamine, a popular street drug, might be made.
在剛出版的一期《美國化學會會志》中，簡達博士在一篇論文中指出了一種對抗街上常見藥--甲基苯丙胺的疫苗可以被合成的方法。
If their method works, it would open the possibility of vaccinating people against other drugs, too.
如果他們的方法湊效的話，那將使給人們注射疫苗來對抗其他藥物成癮成為可能。
The idea of a methamphetamine vaccine is not new.
甲基苯丙胺疫苗的想法並非什麼新鮮事。
The problem is getting the immune system to pay attention to a molecule that is such a small target.
問題在於要使免疫系統對如此小的目標做出反應。
The way that has been tried in the past is to build the vaccine from several components.
之前曾嘗試過的方法是利用幾種物質共同構建疫苗。
First, there is a large carrier protein that forms a platform for the target.
首先，要有一個大的載體蛋白來構成給靶物質的平臺。
Then there is the target itself, a set of smaller molecules called haptens that are attached to the carrier.
然後是與載體結合的靶物質本身，他們是一組叫做半抗原的較小的分子。
These may either be the drug in question or some analogue of it that, for one reason or another, is reckoned to have a better chance of training the immune system.
這些小分子可以是目標藥物或其它一些類似物，他們有這樣或那樣的理由被認為能夠更好地鍛鍊免疫系統。
Finally, there is a chemical cocktail called an adjuvant that helps get the immune system to pay attention to the carrier protein and the haptens.
最後，有一種叫做佐藥的雞尾酒幫助免疫系統對載體蛋白和半抗原做出反應。
Dr Janda noticed that past experiments on methamphetamine vaccines had all revolved around tweaking either the carrier protein or the adjuvant, rather than tinkering with the haptens.
簡達博士意識到過去對甲基苯丙胺的實驗中，疫苗一直在周旋，使載體蛋白或佐藥發生扭曲，而非與半抗原互補。
He thought he might be able to change that, on the basis of work he had carried out previously, trying to design a vaccine against nicotine.
他覺得基於之前所展開的工作，他有能力改善那種情況，並嘗試設計出一種對抗尼古丁的疫苗。
In particular, nicotine is a highly flexible molecule.
尼古丁是一種尤其高活性的分子。
That makes it hard for the immune system to recognise.
這使得免疫系統難以識別它。
To overcome this, his team on the nicotine project had to work out how to fix their haptens to the carrier protein in a way that rendered them less capable of twisting and turning, and thus made them easier for the immune system to identify.
為了克服這個問題，他的尼古丁專案的團隊必須使他們的半抗原以一種特定方式與載體蛋白結合，從而使得這些蛋白不易扭曲反轉，從而讓免疫系統更容易識別。
In the new study, Dr Janda and his colleagues report that they have performed a similar trick with methamphetamine haptens.
在一篇新的研究中，簡達博士和他的同事指出他們用類似的方法處理甲基苯丙胺半抗原。
They used computer models to visualise the haptens in three dimensions and thus work out how the molecules could be rearranged such that they could not spring, twist or turn when being examined by the immune system.
他們利用電腦模型來展現三維半抗原並解決了分子重新排布的問題，使他們在免疫系統檢查時無法彈出，扭曲，旋轉。
In light of this information they designed six new methamphetamine-like
在該辦法的啟發下，他們設計出6種新的甲基苯丙胺樣的半抗原。
Once built, they attached the new hapten molecules to carrier proteins, mixed them with adjuvant, injected the results into mice and waited.
一旦構建完成，他們把這些新的半抗原分子結合到載體蛋白上，並與佐藥混合，注射進小鼠體內，等待結果。
After several weeks they tested the mice to see if the animals' blood contained antibodies to methamphetamine.
數週後他們檢測小鼠血液內是否含有甲基苯丙胺的抗體。
Of the six new haptens, three successfully provoked the mice to make such antibodies.
在6種新的半抗原中，其中3種成功刺激小鼠產生這些抗體。
As a bonus, one of those three also stimulated the production of antibodies against another widely used drug, amphetamine.
另外有一個意外收穫，在那3種當中有一種可刺激產生另一種廣泛使用的藥物--苯丙安的抗體。
That is still a long way from providing a working vaccine, but it is an important step forward.
雖然距離能夠供應疫苗的日子還有很長一段路要走，但這是前進中重要的一步。
And if human immune systems react in the same way to the new vaccines as murine ones do, the day when a drug addict might be offered vaccination rather than opprobrium will have come a little closer.
如果人類免疫系統對新疫苗的反應機制就像鼠科動物那樣的話，藥物成癮的人獲得的是疫苗而非外界辱罵的這一天的來臨就更近了。