初中英語動詞語法大全
初中英語動詞語法大全
非謂語動詞在不同的句式中,是什麼樣的構造呢?下面是老師為同學們帶來的關於非謂語動詞用法的具體介紹。供同學們參考。希望對同學們有幫助!
在句子中充當除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分為三種形式:不定式,動名詞,和分詞(分詞包括現在分詞和過去分詞)。
1)不定式
時態語態 主動 被動
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2)動名詞
時態語態 主動 被動
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3)分詞
時態語態 主動 被動
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式: not +不定式, not + 動名詞, not + 現在分詞
動詞的種類
動詞是表示動作或狀態的'詞,按其詞義和在句子中的作用可分為行為動詞,連繫動詞,助動詞和情態動詞。
1.行為動詞
行為動詞可分為及物動詞 (vt)和不及物動詞(vi),及物動詞表示動作或狀態,有完整的詞義,能單獨作謂語,後跟賓語;不及物動詞表示動作或狀態,有完整的詞義,能單獨作謂語,但後面不能直接跟賓語,如要帶賓語則與介詞或副詞構成短語。
如:
More and more people study English.(vt)
The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)
2.連繫動詞
連繫動詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨立作謂語,必須與表語一起構成謂語。常用的連繫動詞有 be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。
如:
Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
It feels damp.
3.助動詞
助動詞本身無詞義,不能單獨作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞,表示否定,疑問及動詞的時態、語態、人稱和數等語法特徵,助動詞有 be,do,have,shall,will等。
如:
How do you usually come to school?
The children are playing yo-yo now.
4.情態動詞
情態動詞本身有一定的意義,但不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞原形一起構成謂語,表示說話人的語氣和情態。情態動詞沒有人稱和數的變化。情態動詞有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。
如:
Can I help you?
- Must we go now? -No, you needn't .
a. can與be able to的用法有所區別。can只用於一般現在時和過去時,指本身有能力的"能";be able to用於各種時態均可,指須經過努力而"能"。
b. must與have/has to的用法。must表示說話人主觀認為"必須",只用於一般現在時和一般將來時;have/has to表示客觀需要,意為"不得不",它可用於各種時態。
c.need和dare既可作情態動詞也可作行為動詞。
動詞不定式的形式
1.作主語。 如:
To learn English is very important.
但實際上不定式作主語常用 it來作形式主語,而將不定式移至謂語動詞後作真正的主語。
如上句可表達為:
It's very important to learn English.
2.作表語。 如:
My idea is to ring him up at once.
3.作賓語。 如:
I have decided to go to Binjiang Primary School.
4.作賓語補足語。
a. ask, want, teach, tell, know, would like, allow等動詞後面接動詞不定式作賓語補足語。
如: The policemen asked him to get off the bus.
b. hear, see, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to等動詞後接不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。
如: We often see Miss Li clean the classroom.
c. let, make, have這些使役動詞後接不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。但在被動語態中這些不帶to的都須帶上to。
如: In those days the bosses often made the workers work day and night.
d.動詞help接動詞不定式作賓語補足語,可帶to也可不帶to。
如: Can you help me (to) carry the heavy bag?
5.作定語。
a.與被修飾詞有動賓關係。如:I have something important to tell you.但如果不定式動詞為不及物動詞,後面的介詞千萬不要省略。
如: Maybe they have three rooms to live in.
b.與被修飾詞有主謂關係。
如: Mr Liang is always the first to come and the last to leave.
c.與被修飾之間只有修飾關係。
如: I have no time to play cards.
6.作狀語,表示目的、原因、方法、方向、結果等。
如: I'll go to meet my friend at the railway station.
7.不定式複合結構"for sb. to do sth" 作主語時,常用"It is +adj+ for
of sb. to do sth"的句式。形容詞good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, ice, clever,
right, wrong, careful等用"It is +adj +of sb. to do sth."
其他形容詞用 for。
如:
It's dangerous for you to ride so fast.
It's very kind of you to help me.
8.動詞不定式與疑問句who, what, which, when, how, where, whether等連用。
如: I don't know when to start.
He didn't tell me where to go.
但上面結構相當於一個從句,故上述句子也可表達為:
I don't know when we'll start.
He didn't tell me where he would go.
注意:
a.有些動詞或動詞短語不能帶不定式,只能接動詞的-ing形式。
如: enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss(錯過),be busy, go on, keep on, be worth, practise等。
如: The peasants are busy picking apples.
Would you mind my opening the door?
b.有些動詞後可接不定式,也可接動詞的-ing形式,但意思不同。
如: Lu Jian forgot to post the letter.(該寄但還沒做)
Lu Jian forgot posting the letter.(已經寄過信了)
They stopped to sing a song.(停止在做的工作而去做另一件工作)
They stopped singing.(停止正在做的工作)
短語動詞的四種類型
動詞與介詞、副詞等構成的固定短語,叫短語動詞。主要有四類:
一、動詞+副詞
有的一般不跟賓語,如go ahead, fall behind, get up, lie down, go up, run out, give in, stay up等;有的可以跟賓語,如put out, carry out, give up, wake up, check in, eat up, fill in, find out, fix up, hand in, mix up, look up, make out, turn down, work out等。
注意:賓語是名詞時,放在副詞前面或後面都可以,但若作賓語的是人稱代詞時,就只能放在動詞和副詞之間了。如:
We’ve decided to put the meeting off (=put off the meeting) . 我們決定把會議推遲。
We’ve decided to put it off. 我們決定將它推遲。(不說put off it)
二、動詞+介詞
如ask for, care for, call for, break into, deal with, call on, look for等。後面必須接賓語。如:
I don’t care for tea. 我不喜歡喝茶。
三、動詞+副詞+介詞
如look forward to, put up with, looked up to, go in for, go along with, date back to, look down on, keep up with, add up to, run out of等。如:
She soon caught up with us. 她很快趕上了我們。
四、動詞+名詞+介詞
如take care of, pay attention to, make use of, make contribution to做出貢獻等。如:
Take care of your brother while I am away. 我不在的時候,你要照顧好你弟弟。
及物動詞與不及物動詞
根據其後是否帶賓語,動詞可分為及物動詞(帶賓語)和不及物動詞(不帶賓語)。如:
When will he arrive? 他什麼時候到?(arrive 不帶賓語,為不及物動詞)
He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到達北京。(reach 帶了賓語,為及物動詞)
有的動詞既可用作及物動詞也可用作不及物動詞:
The child is playing. 這小孩在玩。(不及物用法)
The child is playing the piano. 這小孩在彈鋼琴。(及物用法)
He is writing. 他在寫字。(不及物用法)
He is writing a letter. 他在寫信。(及物用法)
The boy is reading. 這男孩在閱讀。 (不及物用法)
The boy is reading a magazine. 這男孩在看雜誌。(及物用法)
實義動詞與非實義動詞
根據其含義和句子功用,動詞可分為實義動詞和非實義動詞(包括時態助動詞和情態助動詞等)。如:
He bought a story book. 他買了一本故事書。(buy 為實義動詞)
He has read the story book. 他已讀過這本故事書。(has 為時態助動詞,read為實意動詞)
He should read the story book. 他應該讀讀這本故事書。(should 為情態助動詞,red為實義動詞)