詞類和句子成分語法知識
任何一門語言都是由詞構成句,句構成段,段構成篇。小編在這裡整理了相關知識,希望能幫助到大家。
關於詞類和句子成分
根據詞的形式、意義及其在句中的功用將詞分為若干類,叫做詞類。一個句子由各個功用不同的部分所構成,這些部分叫做句子成分。
學一個詞,要學它的發音、拼法、意義,也要記它的詞類;更重要的是要了解它和其他詞的關係,及其在句中作什麼句子成分。如China is in East Asia***中國位於東亞***一句中的China這個單詞所屬的詞類是名詞,在句子中作主語。
詞類***parts of speech***
英語的詞通常分為十大類:
1***名詞***noun,縮寫為n.***是人和事物的名稱,如pen***鋼筆***,English***英語***,life***生活***。
2***代詞***pronoun,縮寫為pron.***是用來代替名詞的詞,如we***我們***,his***他的***,all***全部***。
3***形容詞***adjective,縮寫為adj.***用來修飾名詞,如great***偉大的***,honest***誠實的***,difficult***困難的***。
4***數詞***numeral,縮寫為num.***是表示"多少"和"第幾"的詞,如four***四***,eighteen***十八***,first***第一***,eighth***十八***,hundred***一百***。
5***動詞***verb,縮寫為v***表示動作和狀態,如write***寫***,walk***行走***,think***想***。
6***副詞***adverb,縮寫為。adv.***是修飾動詞、形容詞和副詞的詞,如quickly***快***,often***經常***,very***很***。
7***冠詞***article,縮寫為art.***說明名詞所指的人或物的詞,如a,an***一個***,the***這,那***。
8***介詞***preposition,縮寫為prep.***表示名詞***或代詞***與句子裡其它詞的關係,如from***從***,in***在…內***,between***在…之間***。
9***連詞***conjunction,縮寫為conj.***是連線詞、短語、從句和句子的詞,如and***和***,because***因為***,if***假如***。
10***感嘆詞***interjection,縮寫為int.***表示感情,如。oh***噢***,aha***啊哈***,hush***噓***。
[注一]屬於前六類***名、代、形、數、動、副等詞***的詞都有實義,叫做實詞***notional word***。屬於後四類***冠、介、連、感等詞***的詞沒有實義,叫做虛詞***form word***
主系表結構
不要把這種結構看得很神祕,I am handsome.*** 我很俊 *** 就是一個主系表結構,形容詞 handsome 來表明主語--I 的樣子。如果為了比較兩個人或物的不同,我們就會用到比較級。如:
I am more handsome than he *** is ***. 我比他英俊得多。
English is easier Chinese to learn. 英語比漢語好學。
Modern trains are faster than cars. 現代火車比汽車快。
Coffee tastes better than tea. 咖啡比茶好喝。
You look better today than yesterday. 你今天比昨天好多了。
在比較的物件很明白的時候,我們可以不要 than 和後面的物件:I am more handsome.***我更英俊。***
Coffee tastes better than tea. 咖啡比茶好喝。
主謂結構
主謂結構中比較級的使用,是為解釋副詞比較級的用法。用於比較動作發生的強度、頻度等的不同。
I work harder than he does. 我比他學習用功。
He does his homework more carefully than Sam. 他做作業比Sam細心。
Lily jumped higher than anyone else. Lily 跳得比任何人都高。
Mr. Sawyer arrived home later than his children. 索耶先生比他的孩子們到家晚。
比較級用 and 連線,表達“越來越......”【重點】
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天氣越來越熱。
I learn English harder and harder. 我越來越努力學英語。
“the 比較級......,the 比較級......”用於表達“越......,就越......”【重點】
The more we get together, the happier will be. 我們越在一起,就越開心。
The more noble,the more humble. 越高尚,越謙虛。
The harder the more fortunate. 越努力,越幸運。
各種成分的詳細解析
主語
主語是謂語講述的物件,表示所說的“是什麼”或“是誰”。一般由名詞、代詞、不定代詞或相當於名詞的單詞或短語來充當,也有從句充當的現象。大多數主語都在句首。
如:
講述“誰” We work in a big factory.
講述“什麼” The classroom is very big.
數詞作主語 Three are enough.
從句作主語 What we need is food. 我們最需要的是食物.
▲ 在“There be …”句型中,主語的位置在中間。如:
There are some bottles of milk in the box.
▲ 在個別句型中,主語在整個句子後面,這時前面用it作形式主語。如:
It is very interesting toplay the game called “treat or trick”.
It took two workers aboutthree months to build the house.
謂語
謂語時用來說明主語“做什麼”、“是什麼”或“怎麼樣”,謂語必須是動詞,謂語和主語在“人稱”和“數”兩方面必須一致。
如:He is very generous.
She looks very smart and cool
We have finished the job.
He can speak German.
表語
表語說明主語“是什麼”或“怎麼樣”,由名詞、形容詞、介詞、副詞、不定式及相當於名詞的詞或短語來充當,它的位置在系動詞後面。
形容詞作表語
You look youngerthan before. 名詞作表語
Myfather is a teacher. 副詞作表語
Everyone is here. 介詞短語作表語
They are at the theatre.不定式作表語
My job is to teach them English. 動名詞作表語
Her job is training the nurses.從句作表語
賓語
▲賓語是動作、行為的物件,由名詞、代詞、不定式、或相當於名詞的詞或短語或從句來充當,它和謂語動詞一起說明主語是什麼,通常放在謂語動詞後面。有時,會有雙賓語。
如:
名詞作賓語 He never forgives others for their mistakes.
代詞做賓語 He often helps me.
不定式作賓語 He likes to sleep in theopen air.
動名詞作賓語The Americans enjoyed livingin China.
從句做賓語 I believe that they can finish the work intime.
▲直接賓語和間接賓語
及物動詞作謂語時,後面要跟賓語,賓語分直接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語是及物動詞的物件。但有些動詞除了直接賓語外,還需要有一個間接賓語,間接賓語表語動作是對誰做的,所以只能用名詞或代詞來充當。如:
We brought themsome food.
主 謂 間賓 直賓
間接賓語可以放在直接賓語後面,但必須加to 或 for。
賓補
在英語的句子中有些句子裡只有賓語並不能表達完整的意思,還必須在賓語後面加上賓語的補足語才能表達完整的意思。我們把“賓語+賓語補足語”合起來稱為複合賓語。複合賓語所表達的意思相當於一個巨資的意思。名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞都可以作賓語補足語.
如:
名詞作賓補If you let me go, I’ll make you king.
形容詞作賓補 Don’t make your hands dirty.
副詞作賓補 We found Li Ming out when we arrived.
介詞短語作賓補Make yourself at home.
省略to的不定式作賓補I saw a girl go into the building.
帶to的不定式作賓補 The boy ordered the dog to lie down.
現在分詞作賓補The boss kept them working all day.
過去分詞作賓補Yesterday he got his leg broken.
在英語中,常見的“賓語+賓語補足語”的結構有:
▲“賓語+名詞”。常用於改結構的動詞有:call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。
We call himJack.
They made Li Lei their monitor.
▲“賓語+形容詞”。常見的動詞有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。
如:Do you think his idea wrong?
We must keep our classroom clean.
We can’t leave him alone.
▲“賓語+副詞”。副詞作賓補常表示賓語的狀態,與賓語有邏輯上的主表關係。常見的副詞有:down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。
如:Let him in/ out.
Mr. Li droveus home.
When got there, we found him out.
▲“賓語+介詞短語”。介詞短語作賓補常表示其邏輯主語***即賓語***所處的狀態,兩者有主表的關係。
如:We found everything in good order.
We regard him as our good friend.
He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.
▲“賓語+不定式”
充當賓補的不定式有三種:
A 要求帶to的不定式
B要求不帶to的不定式let, make, see, hear, watch等
C 單詞help 後可加 to 或不加 to
▲“賓語+現在分詞”
現在分詞作賓補,此時在該句型中的賓語即為現在分詞邏輯上的主語,有著主謂關係。
I saw them playing on the playground.
I heard Mary singingin the classroom.
▲“賓語+過去分詞”。
賓語和賓補之間是被動關係,過去分詞表示被動和完成。
I had my bikestolen.
The teacherexplained again and again to make himself understood.
▲ 形式賓語+形容詞
We found itimpossible to get there before Saturday.
▲賓語+what從句
Call me what you like. Mr. Li has made the factory what it istoday.
The mountain village is different from what it wasten years ago.
定語
▲定語用來修飾名詞或代詞。形容詞、代詞、數詞、名詞、介詞短語、不定式或相當於形容詞的詞或短語等都可以充當定語。因為它是修飾名詞或代詞的,而名詞和代詞可以作主語、表語或賓語,所以定語的位置很靈活,凡是有名詞、代詞的地方都可以有定語。
如:
形容詞作定語 The black bike is mine.
代詞作定語 What’s your name?
名詞作定語 They madesome paper flowers.
介詞短語作定語 The boys inthe room are in Class Three, Grade One.
從句作定語 The tall boy whois standing there is Peter.
▲修飾不定代詞 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody,anybody, nobody 的定語必須後置。
如:We’ll go to have something English.
If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else.
Do you have anything important totell me?
▲介詞短語作定語時要後置。
如:Do you know the boy behind thetree?
The students in the room are all my friends.
I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.
▲動詞的不定式作定語時要後置
What about something to drink?
I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.
▲near by,below, downstairs等個別方位詞作定語時要後置。
如:
We are at the topof the hill. Can you see the village below?
The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?
狀語
狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞。它表示行為發生的時間、地點、目的、方式、程度等,一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式,從句或相當於副詞的詞或短語來充當。狀語一般放在句末,但有時也可以放在句首、句中。
如:
He did it carefully***程度狀語***
They missed me very much.***程度狀語***
Without his help, we couldn’t work itout.***條件狀語***
In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.***目的狀語***
When I was young, I could swim well.***時間狀語***