定語從句翻譯複雜句子
定語從句翻譯複雜句子
同學們，如果給你複雜的定語從句你是否會翻譯呢？怎麼翻譯呢？
翻譯練習(定語從句)
1.李昂就是那個決心清除社會上所有壞蛋的職業殺手。
Leonwas a professional killerwhowas determined to get rid of all the bad guys in the society.
2.瑪蒂爾德就是那個父母都已離世的可憐的小女孩。
Mathilda was a poor little girlwhoseparents both died.
3.足球是一項培養孩子跟別人合作的團隊活動。
Football is a team workthattrains children to work with others.
4.你想見的那個人住進了這家賓館。
The manwhomyou want to seechecked in this hotel.
5.這是我們昨天參觀的那家工廠。
This is the factory(which/that )we visited yesterday.
6.我昨天收到的那封信是我的一個朋友寄來的。
The letter(which/that)I received yesterdaywas from a friend of mine.
7.他常常回憶起童年在鄉下跟爺爺去河邊釣魚的日子。
He often recalls the days of his childhoodwhenhe and his grandfather went fishing by the river.
8.這是魯迅曾經住過的房子。
This is the housewhereLu Xun once lived.
This is the housein whichLu Xun once lived.
This is the housewhichLu Xun once livedin.
9.我們不知道他沒有來的原因。
We don’t know the reasonwhyhe didn’t show up.
We don’t know the reasonthathe didn’t show up.(×)
10.中國政府正在大力發展農業，農業的重要性現在已是人人皆知。
Chinese government is trying to develop agriculture with great efforts, the importanceof whichis now known to everybody.
11.會議延期了，而這正是我們所希望的。
The meeting was put off,which/aswas exactly what we wanted.
12.這是我看過的'最好的一部電影。
This is the best film(that)I have ever seen.
This is the best film (which)I have ever seen.(×)
定語從句的翻譯方法
英語句子中某個需要修飾的詞語後面可以接無數的定語從句，而漢語句子中需要修飾的詞語前不能放過多的修飾語(定語)。另外，英語定語從句的結構還具有一些特點，即蔓生式(The rates at which the molecules move depend upon the energy they have.)，並列式(The house (that) he bought in 1968，and which he sold two years later，is again on the market.)，連環套式(There was one thing (that) he told me which I don’t believe at all.)。基於這些結構上的差異，在翻譯定語從句的時候，可以選擇以下幾種方法：
1. 前置法
比較簡短的英語定語從句，可以譯成作定語的短語，置於所修飾詞語之前。
例如：
·You must make full use of the money there is left to you and think of a plan to make more.
你必須充分利用所剩的錢，而且要想法賺更多的錢。
·The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 在他手下工作的人對他怕得要死。
·This is the cat that killed the rat.
這就是那隻捕殺了老鼠的貓。
·For example, one function of friendship seems to fulfill is that it supports the image we have of ourselves, and confirms the value of the attitudes we hold.
例如, 友誼的一個作用似乎是支援我們在自己心目中的形象, 並使我們持有的價值觀念更加堅定。
·Behaviorists, in contrast, say that difference in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
相反, 行為主義者認為, 成績的差異是由於黑人常常被剝奪了白人在教育及其他外界環境方面所享有的許多有條件而造成的。
2. 後置法
當定語從句較長時, 如果翻譯成前置的定語, 就會不符合漢語的表達習慣, 在這種情況下, 往往把該定語從句翻譯成並列的分句, 放置於原來它所修詞的後面。另外在處理此類定語從句時, 一般遵循的原則是：若保留先行詞, 則在第二個分句中加以重複, 若省略, 則兩個並列分句中均不再保留。當然, 在實際的翻譯過程中也有例外。
·All the water that flows through the wide pipe in a second must somehow get through a narrow part too, which it can do only by going faster.
在一秒鐘內流過粗管子的全部水量， 一定會以某種方式透過細管子，這隻有靠加快流速才能做到。(後置)
·Perhaps light is some sort of electric wave, whose nature we do not yet understand.
也許，光是某種電波，其性質我們尚不清楚。(後置)
·This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
這種困境將是確定無疑的, 因為能源的匱乏使農業無法以高能量消耗這種美國耕種方法繼續下去了, 而這種耕種方式使投入少數農民就可獲得高產成為可能。(後置)
·“In short”, a leader of the new school attends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”
新學派的一位領袖人物堅持說：“簡而言之, 我們所稱謂的科學革命，主要指一系列器具的改進、發明和使用，這些改進、發明和使用使科學發展的範圍無所不及。” (後置)
·The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
食品的供應將趕不上人口的增長, 這就意味著我們在糧食的生產和購銷方面正陷入危機。(後置)
·You consulted the man who had no idea about that subject at all?
那個傢伙對這一主題一無所知，你卻去諮詢他?(前置)
·They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which，in the past，many Chinese have laid down their lives.
他們正在為實現一個理想而努力，這個理想是每個中國人所珍愛的，在過去，許多中國人曾為了這個理想而犧牲了自己的生命。 (後置)
·Nearly everyone knows the story of “the dog that worried the cat that caught the rat that ate the grain that lay in the house that Jack built.”
幾乎人人都知道這個故事：“傑克蓋了房，房裡堆了糧，耗子把糧吃光，貓把耗子抓著，狗又把貓逼上房。”(後置)
3. 溶合法
所謂溶合就是把原句中的主語和定語從句合併在一起，譯成一個獨立的句子。
例如：
·There are more and more foreign investors who have the intention to do business and live in Dalian.
越來越多的外國投資者有意向在大連經商和生活。
·They are a nation that must beg to stay alive.
他們那個國家不討飯就活不下去。
·Objects that do not transmit light cause shadows.
不透光的物體造成陰影。
4.分離法
有些定語從句較長，結構較複雜，或意思上獨立性較強，在邏輯意義上有追述、分層敘述、轉折等作用。這時可將英語的定語從句從主句中分離出來，譯成獨立的成分。
例如：
·Nowhere is the clash between development and environment more visible than in China, where the world’s largest population faces pollution, deforestation and acid rain on a large scale.
在中國，發展與環境的矛盾表現得尤為明顯。這個世界上人口最多的國家正面臨著環境汙染、森林減少以及大範圍酸雨侵襲。
·There are 107 elements found in nature, most of which ( =and most of them)are metals.
自然界發現的元素有107種，其中大部分是金屬。
5. 譯成有狀語功能的分句
·We know that a cat，whose eyes can take in many more rays
of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.
我們知道，由於貓的眼睛比我們人的眼睛能吸收更多的光線，所以貓黑夜也能看得很清楚。
(原因)
·Chaplin, whose mother was ill for many years, had to dance in streets to earn money .
由於母親病了好多年，卓別林不得不到街頭表演去掙錢。
(原因)
·I invited that friend, who came on time.
我邀請了那位朋友，他就按時來了。
(結果)
·He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.他做了一架望遠鏡，使他能夠研究天空。
(結果)
·Anyone who wants to can go for a walk.
誰想去散步就可以去。
(條件)
·Nothing is difficult in the world for anyone, who dares to scale the height.
世上無難事，只要肯登攀。
(條件)
·The young man needed a visa that would enable him to study in the United States.
這位青年需要得到簽證，以便前往美國學習。
(目的)
·But the Southern States wanted to set up a country of their
own, where they would be free to keep black slaves.
但是南方各州卻想建立他們自己的國家，以便在那裡他們可以隨心所欲地繼續把黑人當作奴隸。
(目的)
·The scientist, who was dog-tired, went on with the experiment.
那位科學家雖已筋疲力盡，但還是繼續進行實驗。
(讓步)
·He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for.
他堅持再買一幢房子，儘管他並無此需要。
(讓步)
6. 其他譯法
把翻譯簡單定語從句的方法貫通其中，如譯成定語 + 句子成分(即把一個從句譯成定語，另一個從句譯成句子成分);或譯成並列句(或句子成分)+ 狀語從句(即把一個從句譯成並列句或句子成分，另一個從句譯成狀語從句)等。例如：
·At one extreme are Hawaii and Brazil，where racial intermixture is extensive and continuing, and where racial discrimination is relatively minor.
處於一個極端的是夏威夷和巴西，在那裡種族混合十分普遍，而且正在繼續，因此，種族歧視較少。
(並列句+狀語從句)
EXERCISES
I. SENTENCE TRANSLATION
1. Almost everything which really matters and which the world possessed at the commencement of the modern age was already known to man at the dawn of history.
2. And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans were fully developed and exploited only by the Western Europeans.
3. Not surprisingly, the most complex political structures appeared in the Sudan, where long distance trade was most highly developed and where Islamic influence was the strongest.
4. This hope was nurtured by the great victories won by Genghis khan’s grandson, Hulagu, who was a Buddhist, and whose wife was a Christian.
5. They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which，in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.
6. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
7. A youngster who has no playmates of his age living nearby may benefit greatly from attending nursery school.
8.The first two must be equal for all who are being compared，if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.
9. Kissinger and his small group of aids toured the Forbidden City，where the Chinese emperors once lived in lofty splendor.
10.The time will surely come when the Chinese people will realize the four modernizations.