《桃花源記》六個譯文可讀性探究

《桃花源記》六個譯文可讀性探究

  摘 要:《桃花源記》六個譯者的翻譯思想中都體現著兼顧忠實和可讀性的原則,然而,六個譯文在理解和表達方面存在很大的差異,在文化因素的處理方面也採取了不盡相同的具體技巧,體現了各位譯者對原文的不同認識,充分說明譯者在翻譯中的核心地位。

  關鍵詞:忠實 可讀性 理解 表達 文化因素

  陶淵明的《桃花源記》以武陵漁人進出桃花源的行蹤為線索,以發現桃源、做客桃源、離開桃源、再尋桃源的情節,描繪了一個理想的桃源世界,深受人們喜愛。這篇文章也被多次譯成英文。筆者蒐集了Herbert A Giles、林語堂、楊憲益、毛榮貴、黃俊雄以及羅經國所譯的六種譯文。六位譯者有以英語為母語的漢學家,有旅居國外的華人學者,也有國內從事翻譯和翻譯教學的學者、教師,比較他們的譯文對文言文的翻譯和教學都會有所啟發。

  一、六位譯者的翻譯原則 在對六個譯文比較之前,首先考察一下這些譯者的翻譯思想,因為翻譯思想往往制約著譯者的翻譯策略選擇,在評價譯本時只有把譯者的翻譯思想和翻譯策略結合起來才能做到公正公允。

  由這些序言體現出來的翻譯思想可以看出,這些譯者都基本堅持忠實和可讀性的原則,既考慮到要忠實於原文,又考慮讀者的要求。在毛榮貴和林語堂的翻譯思想中體現著同樣的原則。毛譯是在評點《桃花源記》的兩個譯本的基礎上的改譯之作。譯者認為翻譯審美活動就是從一種語言(原文)的表層結構開始,由表及裡,由淺入深,探明深層結構,再從深層結構轉換到另一種語言(譯文)的表層結構。在分析《桃花源記》的翻譯時他既注重在深層結構上接近原文,也非常注重表層結構的選詞美和句式美等。林語堂的翻譯思想主要體現在著名的《論翻譯》一文。該文提出了翻譯的三條標準:“第一條是忠實標準,第二是通順標準,第三條是美的標準。”三條標準分別對應著譯者對原著者的責任、對中國讀者的責任以及對藝術的責任。他認為翻譯是藝術,“不可不注意於文字之美的問題”。

  二、理解的異同 上文我們指出,六位譯者的翻譯思想中都體現著忠實於原文的原則,理解準確無疑是實現這一原則的首要前提。透過比較我們會發現,六位譯者對原文的理解有同有異。

  首先,六個譯文的題目有同有異。《桃花源記》中的“源”字,本意是“水源”,古代還有“水中平原”之意。按照文中所寫,漁人忽逢桃花林,欲窮其林,在林盡水源的山裡發現了一個與世隔絕的地方、一個和樂祥和的社會。“桃花源”所指的就是這個地方,喻指避世隱居或理想中的美好地方。以下是六個譯文的題目:

  Giles:The Peach-Blossom Fountain

  林譯:The Peach Colony

  楊譯:Peach Blossom Springs

  毛譯:Peach Blossom Spring

  黃譯:Peach Woods

  羅譯:A Tale of the Fountain of the Peach Blossom Spring

  六個譯文題目顯示, Giles、楊譯、毛譯以及羅譯選擇了相同的側重點,都突出“泉”,其中Giles用“The Peach-Blossom Fountain”,比楊譯和毛譯的“Peach Blossom Spring(s)”更接近“水源”之意,羅譯“A Tale of the Fountain of the Peach Blossom Spring”形式上最接近於原文,既有“泉Spring”又有“源Fountain”,但這兩個詞語義有重複。與這四個譯本突不同,黃譯“Peach Woods”側重於“桃花林”。林譯使用“The Peach Colony”,colony意為“a group of settlers, a separate or separated group”,顯然以“桃花源人”為中心的。

  題目的側重點不同,譯文語篇的中心因而也是不同的,說明譯者對《桃花源記》的故事有著不同的認識。

  《桃花源記》原文中某些地方本身存在歧義,不同譯者往往有不同理解,例如“男女衣著,悉如外人”一句:

  Giles:The dress of the people who passed along or were at work in the fields was of a strange cut.

  林譯:The dresses of the men and women were like

  those of the outside world.

  楊譯:Their dress was not unlike that of the people

  outside. 黃譯:The farmers……, dressed in clothes the fisher

  man has never seen, all looked like aliens.

  毛譯:Men and women working in the fields were all clad in outfits of exotic style.

  羅譯:Men and women were dressed like people out

  side.

  這裡的“外人”一詞,本身存在語義上的含混,因此這句話就有截然相反的理解,一種理解是“男男女女的穿著完全像桃花源外的人”,一種理解是“男男女女的穿著跟桃花源外面的人都不一樣”。六個譯文中,林譯、楊譯、羅譯按前者處理,而Giles、黃譯以及毛譯則理解為後者。

  原文中還有某些“空白”和不確定的地方,需要讀者根據自己的經驗和理解去填充。例如在漁人穿過山之小口之後,進入桃花源人所住的地方,原文只是描寫漁人眼裡看到的圖景,並沒有明確說明這個地方的地貌特徵,不同讀者心目中自然會有不同的圖景。Giles 譯文中將此理解為“a new world of level country”,林譯理解為“a wide, level valley”,楊譯和毛譯都直接譯為“the place”,黃譯中是“a vast plain”, 羅譯中則是“an open field”。

  再比如,“見漁人,乃大驚,問所從來”一句,需要譯者根據自己的理解新增“主語”。六位譯者的填充也表現出兩種傾向:

  Giles:One of the inhabitants, catching sight of the fisherman, was greatly astonished.

  林譯:They were greatly astonished to see the fisher

  man and asked him where he had come from.

  楊譯:Seeing the fisherman, they were greatly amazed

  and asked him where he had come from.

  黃譯:The villagers were greatly surprised to see the

  fisherman, asking where he had come from.

  毛譯:The fisherman was then spotted by a villager,

  who was greatly amazed and asked where he had come from.

  羅譯:They were surprised at seeing the fisherman,

  who, being asked where he came from…

  六個譯文中,林譯、楊譯、黃譯和羅譯都選擇複數主語,按“(村人們)見漁人”來理解,而Giles和毛譯則選擇了單數主語,按“(有一個村人)見漁人”來理解。

  三、表達的高低 六個譯文在篇章表達方面也是有同有異。在形式方面,如斷句、句式和語態的選擇以及段落組織方面,各譯文間的異同一目瞭然。例如:“雞犬相聞”一句,Giles、黃譯、毛譯都使用了被動語態。毛譯在“見漁人,乃大驚”和“自雲先世避秦時亂”等處,都使用了被動語態,以“漁人”為中心來敘事。“不足為外人道也”一句,在原文是直接引語,而林譯和羅譯則採用了間接引語。再比如:“林盡水源,便得一山,山有小口,彷彿若有光。”六個翻譯無論是對原文的斷句和譯文的組句都不相同:

  Giles:He found that the peach trees ended where the water began, at the foot of a hill; and there he espied what seemed to be a cave with light issuing from it.

  林譯:…, and when he came to the end of the grove,

  he saw a spring which came from a cave in the hill. Having noticed that there seemed to be a weak light in the cave, …

  楊譯:He found at the end of the wood the source

  of the stream and the foot of a cliff, where there was a small cave in which there seemed to be a faint light.

  黃譯:Leaving behind the peaches, he reached the

  end of the river. A mountain with a dim little cave came into sight.

  毛譯:It (the woods) ended at the stream’s source,

  where stood a hill. A small cave cut into the hill and a faint light can be seen from within. 羅譯:At the end of the wood was the fountainhead

  of the stream. The fisherman beheld a hill, with a small opening from which issued a glimmer of light.

  有的譯文完全以“漁人發現”為中心,偏重於敘事,如Giles和林譯,都使用了多個同義動詞。有的譯文雖然也以“漁人發現”為中心來敘事,但並不忽視“山有小口,彷彿若有光”一句的描寫,如楊譯和黃譯。與其他五個譯文相比,毛譯獨闢蹊徑,譯文中沒有出現“漁人”,而是選擇無人稱主語句,側重於客觀描寫。

  六個譯文對原文中的一些描寫片斷的處理顯示出它們之間的不同。《桃花源記》中的描寫語言生動簡練,景物歷歷在目。沒有這些生動的描寫,“桃花源”不會成為人們心目中嚮往的世外之境、理想之鄉。例如第一段寫漁人發現桃花源的時間、經過和沿途所見的奇麗景色,其中有“芳草鮮美,落英繽紛”八個字,勾勒出一幅富有詩意的畫面。對這八個字的翻譯,譯文如下:

  Giles: The beauty of the scene and the exquisite perfume of the flowers

  林譯: the beautifully grassy ground was covered

  with its rose petals.

  楊譯: The fragrant grass was beautiful to look at, all patterned with fallen blossoms.

  黃譯: The fragrant wild grass, exceptionally fresh and lovely, was dotted by the dazzling beauty of the fallen peach petals.

  毛譯:Petals of the dazzling blossoms were falling upon the exquisite carpet of lush grass.

  羅譯:The fragrant grass was fresh and beautiful and peach petals fell in riotous profusion.

  Giles把該句轉譯成一個名詞結構,和“漁人甚異之”合句,這種“模糊化”處理偏重於敘事,淡化了描寫,失去了原文描寫的生動性,缺乏詩意。其他五個譯文都注意到該描寫的重要性,但各自所呈現的景色又是不同的,林譯、楊譯、黃譯描寫的是靜態之景,即“草上覆蓋著落花”的景色,而毛譯和羅譯描寫的則是動態景象,即“花兒正飄落在草上”的景色。此外,與林譯、Giles、楊譯不同,黃譯、毛譯和羅譯都精心選擇了形容詞,著力於景色描寫。

  《桃花源記》中另一處描寫是漁人進入桃花源中看到的景象,其中“土地平曠,屋舍儼然,有良田美池桑竹之屬”一句,六個譯文如下:

  Giles: … a new world of level country, of fine houses, of rich fields, of fine pools, and of luxuriance of mulberry and bamboo.

  林譯: He saw before his eyes a wide, level valley, with houses and fields and farms. There were bamboos and mulberries;

  楊譯:The place he had come to was level and spacious. There were houses and cottages arranged in a planned order; there were fine fields and beautiful pools; there were mulberry trees, bamboo groves, and many other kinds of trees as well;

  黃譯:Then came a vast plain with neat houses, lovely ponds, mulberries and bamboos dotting fertile land.

  毛譯:The place he had come to was a wide expanse of level fields, with houses and cottages neatly arranged, surrounded by fine paddies, lovely ponds, mulberry trees, groves of bamboo, and the like.

  羅譯:The land was flat and spacious. There were

  houses arranged in good order with fertile fields, beautiful ponds, bamboo groves, mulberry trees and …

  原文這一句描寫語言簡樸暢潔,六個譯文中多個譯文使用了Parallelism。相比較而言,其中Giles、黃譯和毛譯雖具體句式不同,但都較為切近於原文簡潔的風格。與原文相比,楊譯變化最大,根據羅列事物的不同而斷句,使用同一的There be結構形成排比,但與原文相比,譯文已經由簡入繁。

  六個譯文對這些描寫片段的處理,不僅顯示了譯文表達上的不同選擇和風格,也顯示了兼顧忠實和可讀性的困難。 四、文化因素的處理 文化因素的處理是文言文翻譯中的一個重點,特別是原文中一些涉及歷史背景方面的知識往往會使譯文讀者感到陌生,影響閱讀和理解,需要譯者採取相應的策略。上文中我們已經指出,Giles的策略是在不影響主要思想的前提下,刪除一些大眾讀者不易拼讀的名字和典故。《桃花源記》中涉及文化方面的因素主要是朝代、年號,例如開頭一句“晉太元中,武陵人捕魚為業”中的“晉太元”,Giles譯為:Towards the close of the fourth century A.D.,直接隱去了中國的朝代和年號,代之以具體的時期。黃譯前言中也解釋了相關的翻譯原則,但與Giles不同,該譯是“採取超常規的先釋義、加詞添字後翻譯的做法”,所以黃譯沒有使用年號,而是使用皇帝號和朝代,並在括號里加入具體的時期予以補充,譯為:In Emperor Xiaowudi’s years in Eastern Jin Dynasty。其他幾個譯文則採取了不同的策略和技巧。林譯中使用了音譯法,譯為:During the reign of Taiyuan of Chin,其他三個譯文楊譯、毛譯和羅譯採用了相同的.策略,即直譯(音譯)之後又加上註釋,但三個譯文註釋的內容詳略不同,楊譯、毛譯僅注時間,而羅譯的註解則較為詳細:Taiyuan was the title of the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of Eastern Jin dynasty。

  原文中還涉及“秦、漢、魏、晉”等朝代,對不瞭解中國歷史的英語讀者來說,這無疑會成為理解的障礙。原文如下:

  自雲先世避秦時亂,率妻子邑人來自絕境,…問今是何世,乃不知有漢,無論魏晉。

  Giles:… they informed him that their ancestors had sought refuge here, with their wives and families, from the troublous times of the house of Ch’in,…they then inquired about the politics of the day, ignorant of the establishment of the Han dynasty, and of course of the later dynasties which had succeeded it.

  林譯:They said their ancestors had come here as refugees to escape from the tyranny of Tsin Shih-huang (builder of Great Wall) some six hundred years ago, and they had never left it… They has not even heard of the Han Dynasty (two centuries before to tow centuries after Christ), not to speak of the Wei (third century A. D.) and the Chin (third and fourth centuries).

  楊譯:They themselves told him that their ancestors had escaped from the wars and confusions in the time of the Qin Dynasty….They asked what dynasty it was now. The Han they had never heard of, let alone the Wei and the Jin.

  黃譯:…telling him that in order to escape the perse

  cution of the cruel dictator Emperor Qinshihuang, their forefathers, together with their wives and other people from the country, came to this place nobody had set foot in. ….Then they asked him what dynasty it was. They didn’t even know there was the Han dynasty, let alone the Wei and Jin Dynasties.

  毛譯:He was also told by the villagers that their an

  cestors brought their families and town folks to this

  isolated land while seeking havens in the troubled times of the Qin.

  The folks asked about what was in the reign currently, completely in the dark about the fact that the Qin had long been replaced by Han, let alone that the Han had been succeeded by the Wei and the Jin.

  羅譯:They told him that their families and the village people, to escape from the turmoil during the Qin Dynasty …. They were curious to know what dynasty it was now. They did not know the Han Dynasty, not to mention the Wei and the Jin dynasties. 由此處譯文可以看出,Giles和黃譯都堅持了與上文“晉太元中”一貫的翻譯原則。Giles此處處理得較為簡單,直接音譯“秦”和“漢”,而對於“魏晉”還是採用模糊處理,使用“later dynasties which had succeeded it”來替代。黃譯在處理“避秦時亂”時加詞“the cruel dictator emperor Qinshihuang”,並補上具體的年代,有利於讀者直接瞭解“秦時亂”的實際情況。與黃譯相同,林譯也充分考慮了讀者的接受,將“秦時亂”具體化為 “秦始皇的暴政”,並藉助世人皆知的Great Wall,消除讀者的陌生感。

  毛譯對“乃不知有漢,無論魏晉”的處理顯得與眾不同。對中國讀者來說,“秦、漢、魏、晉”的更替順序屬於歷史常識,因此理解這句話毫無困難,但對於西方讀者來說,由於缺乏相應的背景知識,這句話顯得很突兀。毛譯沒有一味追求譯文與原文在表層形式上的機械對應,而是使用“be replaced by”和“be succeeded by”交代朝代的更替順序,無疑有利於讀者瞭解中國的歷史,從而更好地理解原文。上文我們已經指出,譯者重視深表層的轉換,此處的翻譯充分體現了這一翻譯原則。

  與其他譯文不同,楊譯沒有做太多的變化,對編者所說的目標讀者:學英語的中國學生來說,理解沒有什麼困難,但對英語讀者來說可能會難以理解。

  原文中涉及文化的地方還有“黃髮垂髫,並怡然自樂”,“黃髮”,舊指長壽的特徵,這裡指老人,而“垂髫”,意思是“垂下來的頭髮”,這裡指小孩子。“黃髮垂髫”指的是“老人和小孩”。此處林譯、Giles、黃譯、毛譯、羅譯都直接取其所指義,只有楊譯除譯出所指義外,還保留了原文的形式,譯為:old people with white hair or children with their hair tied in a knot,這裡顯得過於機械。

  《桃花源記》的六個譯文前後間隔一百多年,譯者背景和翻譯目的各不相同,但在其翻譯思想中都體現了追求忠實和可讀性的原則。然而,六個譯文雖然彼此有相近之處,但無論是在文字、文學方面對原文的理解,還是譯文的表達都表現出不同的趨向,在文化因素的處理方面也各自選擇了不同的策略和翻譯處理技巧,這不僅體現了文言文翻譯的困難和問題,也體現了譯者對原文的不同認識和獨特的風格,更充分說明譯者在翻譯中的核心地位。

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