三星堆英文導遊詞
三星堆英文導遊詞
導語：三星堆古遺址位於四川省廣漢市西北的鴨子河南岸，分佈面積12平方千米，距今已有5000至3000年曆史，是迄今在西南地區發現的範圍最大、延續時間最長、文化內涵最豐富的古城、古國、古蜀文化遺址。以下是小編整理三星堆英文導遊詞的資料，歡迎閱讀參考。
The first pavilion samsung with the moon - the brilliant ancient shu civilization
Audience friends:
Hello, welcome to sanxingdui visit!
Sanxingdui to about 5000 ~ 5000 years ago, with a total area of 12 square kilometers, is found in sichuan area is the most widely, the longest duration, the ancient city with the most abundant cultural connotation, ancient ruins of the ancient shu culture, sanxingdui commentaries. The discovery of sanxingdui ruins, which pushed the source of ancient shu history from the spring and autumn period and the warring states period to about 2000 years; It has proved eloquently that the origin of Chinese civilization is multiplex.
The sanxingdui site covers a total area of 12 square kilometers, and its central area is an old city surrounded by three walls of east, west and south, the duck river to the north and nearly four square kilometers of urban area. The city, which was so large 3,000 years ago, is rare in the whole country, and is believed to have been the capital of the ancient shu state. The narrow sanxingdui refers to sites within the three loess heap, north of it and its crescent is a crescent moon, through the ancient Ma Mu henan north, "samsung," hence the name, and in the long ago become a famous cultural landscape. Yan in the spring of 1929, local farmers (yan1) as near the garden digging a ditch when accidentally discovered more than 400 of the country with rich ancient shu jade stone, has drawn great attention of the Chinese and foreign archaeologists. Since the 1930s, several generations of archeological people have been here to find out. From July to September 1986, two large commercial dynasties were excavated, and thousands of exquisite relics were born, and sanxingdui was famous.
The first unit is in the southwest -- the history of ancient shu in 2000
The ancient legend records that the ancestors of shu people were from the yellow emperor, the state of shu, the state of shu. The first generation of shu wang is called silkworm bush, his greatest achievement is to teach the people to plant mulberry silkworm; The second generation of shu wang's name is bai irrigation. There are few details about him, and he only knows that "bai irrigation" is a waterfowl. The third generation of shu wang is the fish teal. The "teal" is an osprey, and the sanxingdui has found a large number of birds, with the most images of the osprey, which is generally believed to be the most closely related to the sanxingdui. The fourth generation of shu wang called du yu, du yu is the cuckoo. Legend "leisure farming", he loved, but weak governance shudu floods, and from the liberal's in its region, due to control the floods,, loved by the people become the fifth generation of shu wang replaced the cuckoo. It is estimated that from the early period of the shang dynasty to the middle of the spring and autumn period from the early part of the shang dynasty to the middle of the spring and autumn period, the enlightenment was from the middle of the spring and autumn to the middle of the spring and autumn period.
In the north of han river basin, east to jingjiang reach area, southwest of dadu river, jinsha river and north area in guizhou, there are many sites and relics of the shu culture, the distribution of the most densely populated region is the chengdu plain. Sanxingdui site is located in the center of the cultural circle of shu, which was the center of the ancient shu culture three or four thousand years ago.
The sanxingdui culture lasted more than 2,000 years from 5,000 to 2,800 years ago. From the archaeological stratigraphy and typology, sanxingdui culture is divided into four periods.
The primary culture of sanxingdui is about 5,000 ~ 4000 years ago. This period pottery with wide along the flat machine, mainly used in hole ring foot, production methods are hand-made, the means of production is given priority to with stone axes, froe, chisel, small shape, at the same time in the jade, jade kei (gu and), yuhuan and other small etiquette supplies.
Many architectural remains have been found in the ruins. The buildings are mostly dry columns. The advantages are that the materials are easy to be used, and that they are well protected against wind and moisture. The housing area is generally two or thirty square meters, the largest one is about 200 square meters, it is estimated that it is a public property.
In 1997, 29 rectangular mud pits were found in the village of rensheng outside the western wall of sanxingdui, where jade ware, stone tools, pottery and ivory were unearthed. Among them, the jade of cone shape, style, and jiangsu and zhejiang area neolithic tombs of liangzhu culture jade unearthed in conical device, illustrates the chengdu plain and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river region have long cultural ties.
Sichuan neolithic cultural sites distribution is very wide, especially in the chengdu plain found many ancient city sites, among them with dujiangyan xinjian township treasure at the pier, the dragon mountain city ruins, salween yufu city sites, double river state, purple bamboo village ruins of ancient city ruins of ancient city, PI county, found that for the bulk. The discovery of these ancient cities shows that in the late neolithic period chengdu plain had already had the small city organization, only sanxingdui stood out as the center of the ancient shu state.
Archaeology in the sense of sanxingdui culture in two to three phases of sanxingdui culture as the representative, about 4000 years ago to 3200, equivalent to the central plains xia shang, this is the most prosperous period of sanxingdui culture, is believed to belong to the history of the ancient shu of the legendary king of yufu era. In this stage, the local specialty of high - stalk beans, small flat cans, bird heads (ba4) spoon and other earthenware appeared, and formed the basic combination of shu earthenware.
From the second phase, sanxingdui entered the age of civilization. People built walls, east, west and south. Nearly 4 square kilometers of the central city has been completed, the city layout is reasonable, the structure is rigorous. According to different functions, it needs to be divided into the workshop area of the residents' living area, the sacrificial area, the burial area, the palace district, etc., and the guide word "sanxingdui guide".
It is generally believed that the establishment of the city, the setting of the sacrificial site, the production of bronzes and the appearance of words are the symbols of the ancient civilization and the country. Sanxingdui has not general settlements and villages, but in early in the southwestern city, country, especially in combination with the unearthed cultural relics sites, the ancient shu kingdom has made remarkable achievements in various fields.
Sanxingdui ancient shu kingdom was not because "intones difficult" and not on contacts with other regions, in the ruins unearthed YuGe, jade Zhang (useful ā ng), ceramic He (he), bronze, copper statue, etc and jiangsu, henan, anhui and other places are very similar unearthed artifacts, Peng county in sichuan bamboo tile found at the street belongs to the central plains of bronze vessels (zhi) and copper statue, is probably the shu army joined Zhou Wang reward out of struggle to shu wang booty; There are also some records of "zheng shu", "shu", "shu 300", etc. All the signs show us that the ancient shu nation was full of open spirit.
The fourth period culture of sanxingdui ruins is an early shu culture period, which is roughly the same as the late zhou dynasty, about 3,200 ~ 2800 years ago.
The fourth period of pottery is dominated by small canisters and sharp depots. In this period, a certain factor made the grand sanxingdui ancient city suddenly abandoned, and sanxingdui civilization interrupted the local development process. In early 2001, with the discovery of jinsha site in chengdu, the traces of the ancient shu state became clear. The era of jinsha ruins was in the late shang dynasty and early western zhou dynasty, late at sanxingdui site, and there was a close internal connection between the two. Scholars believe that after the sanxingdui, the political and cultural center of ancient shu moved south to chengdu, and the ancient shu culture moved to a new stage of development.
The second unit is the tianfu - sanxingdui agriculture and commerce
At present within the site unearthed a large number of form large pot, ceramic cylinder, POTS, etc., it is possible that containers of food, their shape, large size, more reflect the diversity of crop production. Livestock, is one of the scale of agriculture to flourish, the unearthed sanxingdui domesticated animal bones and animals such as pigs, sheep, horse, chicken modelling is more, can want to see the poultry industry has a certain scale, agricultural and sideline products is also very rich.
Relics unearthed in a lot of wine, the food in addition to meet the daily life, there has been a rest used for wine, in these wine, pottery He and bottle shape cup's most distinctive.
Tao He (he) - generally think it is a warm wine, mostly three 40 cm. Tao He lower three hollow pouch can increase tao He capacity, and can make a fire heating, the design is very reasonable. In the ruins of a soil pit, had found a tao He with more than 20 pieces of bottle shape cups placed one place, and the wine is used.
Bell mouth, the bottle shape cup - is made of fine bottleneck, round flat, some neck and ornamentation, looks simple and beautiful, because of the shape bottleneck is small, some scholars speculate that wine should be at that time may be to "wine chamber (z ǐ)" sake.
More than 80 ivory tusks were unearthed at sanxingdui site, which were identified as the incisors of Asian elephants. Scholars consider them to be symbols of the wealth of the ruling class. As for the source of ivory, it is possible that local elephants might have been the result of trade deals with neighbouring countries or even further afield.
The ancient shu is located inland, in sanxingdui memorial pit, but unearthed nearly 5, 000 seashells. According to the general explanation, haibei was the primitive currency of Commodity Exchange in the early years of civil society, and the trade and commerce between the ancient shu countries and the surrounding areas were frequent. 2 sacrificial pit have been unearthed at 4 pieces of imitation in seashells of copper, the copper shell are rarely seen across the country, whether it is the one of the first metal currency, it remains to be further research.
A great deal of archaeological data has shown that cultural exchanges and economic exchanges have been found in the area of shu and its surrounding areas even further back in the three or four thousand years ago. According to the research, in the pre-qin period, the chengdu plain was opened to connect ancient China with South Asia, central Asia, west Asia and southeast Asia. Although we cannot know how long the ancient shu people have walked on the rugged mountain road, what we can see is the perseverance and perseverance of the ancient shu people. It was this spirit and persistence that created the glorious civilization of ancient shu and opened the window of China to the world.
The third unitary soil - sanxingdui pottery
It is easy to draw, easy to make, not permeable, and can withstand high temperature barbecue, thus becoming the life supplies of various agricultural peoples. The pottery industry of sanxingdui ancient shu reached a high level.
The sanxingdui unearthed a large number of small flat and pointed POTS, bowls, cups, cups, etc. They were typical objects of the pottery of shu. The bottom is small to a conical shape, which is not stable at all. A similar object was found in the site, which is estimated to be used with the sharp end.
High a bean is above the disc body, is mainly used for sheng (cheng2) put the food, the lower is the horn ring foot, connection of the tubular beans (ba4), some bean residue was more than 70 cm long, this is the ancient people sit on the floor for the convenience of life designed a very ingenious and practical life appliance. There is also an eye on the pedestal of this high-handle bean, and the eye pattern appears more in the sanxingdui artefacts, which must have a profound meaning.
Three feet for cooking could be instruments of ancient people cooking food, a trend of tripartite confrontation with three legs, the first step to light the fire heating, three-legged are hollow, and mouth are interlinked, water capacity is very big, wide area (cheng2) water can be used to hold or to place food, its huge body and distinctive modelling is very rare.
Unearthed sanxingdui doi new realistic modelling, lively and lovely, tell from the shape, with lotus, cockscomb, some still like the roof of the mosque, as part of wheel cover, new plastic part then knead by hand, fully shows the sanxingdui anonymous craftsmen rich imagination and skills.
Hundreds of "ba4 spoons" were unearthed at the site, and most of the dipper parts were damaged, leaving only the bird's head shape "ba4". The beak of a bird is very similar to a fish hawk. The academic community thinks that the ancient shu kingdom of sanxingdui may have a close connection with the legendary third-generation shu wang, which is one of the important bases.
The pottery of sanxingdui is an unpretentious and unpretentious one, which recreates the vivid picture of the daily life of the ancient shu people, and plays a huge role in the determination of the sanxingdui site and the stage of the sanxingdui culture.
The fourth unit is jade stone, a jade stone
Jade stone has a unique position in the history of the Chinese nation. Since the late neolithic age, our country's jade industry has been developed, which was represented by the liangzhu culture jade stone
第一展館 三星伴月——燦爛的古蜀文明
觀眾朋友：
您好，歡迎您到三星堆參觀遊覽！
三星堆遺址距今約5000年～2800年，總面積12平方公里，是目前四川境內發現面積最廣，延續時間最長，文化內涵最為豐富的古城、古國、古蜀文化遺址，三星堆導遊詞。三星堆遺址的發現，將古蜀歷史的淵源從春秋戰國時期向前推進了約2000年；雄辯地證明了中華文明的起源是多元一體的。
三星堆遺址總面積為12平方公里，其中心區域是一座由東、西、南三面城牆包圍著的古城，北面是鴨子河，城區面積近4平方公里。3000多年前如此宏大規模的城市，在全國範圍內都很少見，據考證這裡曾經是古蜀國的國都所在地。狹義的三星堆特指遺址內的三個黃土堆，它與北面猶如一彎新月的月亮灣，隔著古老的馬牧河南北相望，“三星伴月”由此得名，並在很早以前就成為一處著名的人文景觀。1929年的春天，當地農民燕（yan1）道成在自家院子附近挖水溝時偶然發現了400餘件具有濃郁古蜀地方特色的玉石器，引起了中外考古學家的高度重視。從30年代開始，幾古學人便在此發幽探微。1986年7月至9月，兩個大型商代祭祀坑的相繼發掘，上千件精美文物橫空出世，廣漢三星堆從此名揚天下。
第一單元 雄踞西南—古蜀2000年滄桑史
古史傳說記載，蜀人的遠祖出自黃帝，古蜀國有五代蜀王。第一代蜀王叫蠶叢，他最大的功績是教民種桑養蠶；第二代蜀王名叫柏灌，關於他的具體記載幾乎沒有，只知道“柏灌”是一種水鳥；第三代蜀王叫魚鳧。“鳧”就是魚鷹，三星堆發現了大量鳥的造型，其中魚鷹的形象最多，一般認為，與三星堆關係最為密切的便是魚鳧王。第四代蜀王叫杜宇，杜宇就是杜鵑鳥。相傳他“教民務農”，倍受愛戴，但卻無力治理蜀地的水患，而來自川東荊楚地區的開明氏，由於治理了水患，受到人民的擁戴，取代了杜宇而成為第五代蜀王。推測蠶叢、柏灌、魚鳧三代是從夏朝至商末周初，杜宇估計是從商末周初至春秋中葉，開明氏則是從春秋中葉至公元前316年秦滅巴蜀。
在北達漢水流域，東至荊江地區，西南迄大渡河，金沙江及今貴州北部一帶，分佈著許多蜀文化的遺址和遺蹟，分佈最密集的地區是成都平原。三星堆遺址位於蜀文化圈的中心區域，是三四千年前是古蜀文化的中心。
三星堆文化從距今5000年到2800年，延續了2000多年。從考古地層學和型別學上看，三星堆文化分為四期。
三星堆一期文化距今約5000～4000年。這個時期的陶器以寬沿平底器、鏤孔圈足器等為主，製作方法多為手製，生產工具以石制的斧、錛、鑿為主，器型小，同時出現了玉璧、玉圭（guī）、玉環等小型禮儀用品。
遺址內發現了許多建築遺蹟，這些建築多為幹欄式建築，其優點是材料易得，而且防風防潮效能良好。房屋面積一般為二、三十平方米，最大的一處建築面積達200平方米左右，估計是公共性質的建築。
1997年，在三星堆西城牆外的仁勝村發現了29座長方形土坑，坑中出土有玉器、石器、陶器、象牙等。其中，玉錐形器的形制、風格和江浙一帶新石器時代良渚文化墓葬中所出土的玉錐形器極為相似，說明了成都平原和長江中下游地區很早就有了文化聯絡。
四川新石器時代文化遺址分佈非常廣闊，特別是在成都平原發現了很多古城遺址，其中以新津龍馬鄉寶墩古城遺址、都江堰芒城遺址、溫江魚鳧城遺址、崇州雙河、紫竹村古城遺址、郫縣古城遺址等的發現為大宗。這些古城的發現，說明在早在新石器時代晚期成都平原已經有了大小城邦組織，其中只有三星堆脫穎而出，成為古蜀國的中心都邑。
考古學意義上的三星堆文化是以三星堆遺址二至三期文化為代表，大約距今4000年至3200年，相當於中原地區的夏商時代，這是三星堆文化最繁榮的時期，一般認為屬於古蜀史傳說中的魚鳧王時期。在這個階段極具地方特色的高柄豆、小平底罐、鳥頭把（ba4）勺等陶器大量出現，並形成了蜀地陶器的基本組合。
從二期開始，三星堆進入了文明時代。人們修建了城牆，東、西、南三面城牆。面積近4 平方公里的中心城市也已建成，城內佈局合理、結構嚴謹。按不同的功能、需要分為居民生活區作坊區、祭祀區、墓葬區、宮殿區等，導遊詞《三星堆導遊詞》。
一般認為，城市的建立、祭祀場所的設定、青銅器的產生、文字的出現等是古代文明和國家產生的標誌。三星堆已經不是一般的聚落、村寨，而是雄踞在西南的早期城市、國家，特別是結合遺址中的出土文物來看，古蜀國在各個領域都取得了卓越的成就。
三星堆古蜀國並沒有因為“蜀道難”而與其他地區不相往來，遺址中出土的玉戈、玉璋（zhāng）、陶盉（hé）、銅牌飾、銅尊等與江蘇、河南、安徽等地出土的器物極為相似；在四川彭縣竹瓦街發現了商末周初屬於中原的銅觶（zhì）和銅尊，很可能是蜀國的軍隊參加了滅商的鬥爭周王賞賜給蜀王的戰利品；中原甲骨文中也不乏有“徵蜀”、“伐蜀”、“蜀射三百”等記載……種種跡象都向我們說明了古代蜀國是充滿開放精神的。
三星堆遺址四期文化是早蜀文化由盛轉衰時期，大致相當於商末周初，距今3200～2800年左右。
四期的陶器以小平底罐和尖底器為主。在這個時期，某種因素使宏大的三星堆古城被突然廢棄，三星堆文明中斷了在本地的發展程序。2001年初，隨著成都金沙遺址的發現，古蜀國的蹤跡才顯清晰。金沙遺址的時代約在商代晚期至西周早期，晚於三星堆遺址，兩者之間有著密切的內在聯絡。學者們認為，自廣漢三星堆之後，古蜀國的政治、文化中心向南遷移到了成都，古蜀文化至此轉入一個新的發展階段。
第二單元 物華天府—三星堆的農業與商貿
目前在遺址內出土了大量形體碩大的陶盆、陶缸、陶罐等，有可能是裝糧食的容器，它們器型多、體量大，反映了當時農作物生產的多樣性。家畜飼養，是農業興旺發達的標尺之一，三星堆遺址出土的家養動物遺骨及豬、羊、馬、雞等動物造型較多，可以想見當時家禽飼養業具有一定的規模，農副產品也很豐富。
遺址中出土了大量的酒器，說明糧食除了滿足日常生活外，已經有了剩餘部分用於釀酒，在這些酒器中，以陶盉和瓶形杯最具特色。
陶盉（hé）——一般認為它是溫酒器，大多高三四十釐米。陶盉下部的三隻中空袋狀足既可以加大陶盉容量，又可生火加溫，設計極為合理。在遺址的一個土坑中，曾發現一件陶盉與20多件瓶形杯放置一處，可見這些酒器是配套使用的。
瓶形杯——被做成喇叭口、細瓶頸、圓平底，有的頸部還有紋飾，看起來質樸美觀，由於這種器型瓶頸較小，有學者推測當時的酒應可能是去了“酒滓（zǐ）”的`清酒。
三星堆遺址祭祀坑共出土80多枚象牙，經鑑定為亞洲象的門齒。學者們認為它們是統治階級財富的象徵。至於象牙的來源，有可能當時本地出產大象也有可能是蜀地與周鄰國家甚至更遠地區商貿交易的結果。
古蜀地處內陸，在三星堆祭祀坑中卻出土了近5000枚海貝。按一般的解釋，海貝是文明社會初期從事商品交換的原始貨幣，可見古蜀國與周邊地區商貿往來的頻繁。二號祭祀坑中還出土了4枚仿海貝而成的銅貝，這種銅貝在全國範圍內都很少見到，它是否是我國最早的一種金屬貨幣呢，還有待進一步研究。
大量的考古資料證明早在三、四千年前蜀地與周邊地區甚至更遠的地方就有了文化交流和經濟往來。據考證，先秦時期就已經開通了以成都平原為起點，連線古代中國與南亞、中亞、西亞以及東南亞的 “南方絲綢之路”。雖然我們無法知道古代蜀人在崎嶇的山道上究竟走了多久，但是我們能體會到的是古蜀人堅忍不拔的精神與毅力。正是這種精神與毅力創造了輝煌燦爛的古蜀文明，也打開了中國通往世界的視窗。
第三單元 化土成器—三星堆陶器
陶器取材容易，製作簡便，具有不透水，而且可以經受高溫燒烤，因此成為各個農業民族的生活用品。三星堆古蜀國的製陶業達到了一個相當高的境界。
三星堆出土了數量巨大的小平底和尖底的罐、缽、杯、盞等，它們是蜀地陶器的典型器物。這種尖底器，底部小到呈圓錐狀，根本放不穩，遺址中出土了一種類似器座的器物，估計是和尖底器搭配使用的。
高柄豆上面是盤狀體，主要用於盛（cheng2）放食物，下部是喇叭形圈足，連線二者的是管狀的豆把（ba4），有的豆把殘長竟達70多釐米，這是席地而坐的古人們為方便生活而設計的一種很巧妙實用的生活用具。這件高柄豆的器座上還刻有一隻眼睛，眼睛圖形在三星堆文物上出現較多，必定有深刻的寓意。
三足炊器可能是古人蒸煮食物的器具，三足呈鼎立之勢，足下可以生火加溫，三足均為中空，與口部相通，容水量很大，寬大的盤面可以用於盛（cheng2）水或放置食物，其碩大的形體及獨特的造型非常罕見。
三星堆出土的陶蓋紐造型惟妙惟肖、生動可愛，從造型上講，有蓮蓬狀的，雞冠花狀的，有的還像清真寺的屋頂，蓋的部分是輪制而成的，紐的部分則用手工捏塑，充分顯示了三星堆無名工匠們豐富的想象力和高超的技藝。
遺址中出土了數以百計的“鳥頭把（ba4）勺”，勺體部分大多損壞，只剩下有鳥頭造型的“勺把（ba4）”。鳥彎彎的勾喙與魚鷹極為相似。學術界認為三星堆古蜀國可能與傳說中第三代蜀王魚鳧有著密切的聯絡，這一大批鳥頭勺把就是非常重要的依據之一。
三星堆的陶器以樸實無華的特質，再現了古蜀人日常生活的生動畫卷，並對三星堆遺址年代的測定及三星堆文化的分期起到了巨大作用。
第四單元 以玉通神—三星堆玉石器
玉石器在中華民族的歷史上有著獨特的地位。自新石器時代晚期以來，我國的制玉業就很發達，這一時期以良渚文化玉石器為代表